【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百七十七）┃《民法典》继承编亮点法律知识

随着互联网新兴经济的快速发展，人们所拥有的财产类型越来越丰富，现行继承法已经无法全面适用当代社会的法律问题，对此《民法典》继承编诞生，本文将通过《民法典》继承编的亮点和变化进行给大家进行剖析和解读，使大家认识新的法律规定。

With the rapid development of the Internet's emerging economy, people have more and more types of property, and the current inheritance law can no longer fully apply to the legal issues of contemporary society. For this reason, the "Civil Code" inheritance edition was born. This article will pass the "Civil Code" The highlights and changes of the inherited edition will be analyzed and interpreted for everyone to make everyone aware of the new legal regulations.

（一）不再列举遗产的范围，更为灵活

《民法典》不再对“个人合法财产”进行具体列举，而是概括性的规定“遗产是自然人死亡时遗留的个人合法财产。依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得继承的遗产，不得继承”。这样的规定更适应不断发展的社会环境，避免未来新出现的财产形式面临无法可依的风险。

（二）新增打印遗嘱与录像遗嘱两种遗嘱形式

《继承法》及其司法解释确认的遗嘱的五种法定形式为公证遗嘱、自书遗嘱、代书遗嘱、录音遗嘱、口头遗嘱。民法典在保留原有的五种方式以外，另外增设了打印遗嘱与录像遗嘱两种遗嘱形式。因为《继承法》发布于1985年，当时打印和录像并不及现在普遍，因此当时并未规定打印遗嘱和录像遗嘱。

打印的遗嘱更加清晰、方便阅读，但不易辨别是谁打印，容易存在造假。为此，民法典规定，一份有效的打印遗嘱需要两个以上见证人在场见证，遗嘱人和见证人需要在每一页签名并写明年、月、日。

新增的录像遗嘱形式意味着可拍一段短视频作为遗嘱。为保证遗嘱有效，需要两个以上的见证人在场见证，遗嘱人和见证人应当在录音录像中记录其姓名或者肖像，以及年、月、日。

(1) No longer enumerate the scope of heritage, more flexible

The "Civil Code" no longer specifically enumerates "individual legal property", but generally stipulates that "inheritance is the legal personal property left by a natural person at the time of death. Inheritance that cannot be inherited in accordance with the law or its nature shall not be inherited". Such regulations are more adaptable to the ever-evolving social environment, and avoid the risk that new forms of property that emerge in the future will be unreliable.

(2) Newly added two forms of wills: printed will and video will

The five legal forms of wills confirmed by the "Inheritance Law" and its judicial interpretations are notarized wills, written wills, written wills, recorded wills, and oral wills. In addition to retaining the original five methods, the Civil Code has also added two forms of wills: printed wills and video wills. Because the "Inheritance Law" was promulgated in 1985, printing and video recording were not as common as they are now, so there was no requirement to print wills and video wills.

The printed will is clearer and easier to read, but it is difficult to identify who printed it, and it is prone to fraud. For this reason, the Civil Code stipulates that a valid printed will requires the presence of two or more witnesses. The testator and witnesses need to sign each page and write the next year, month, and day.

The newly added video will form means that a short video can be taken as a will. In order to ensure the validity of the will, two or more witnesses are required to be present. The testator and the witness should record their name or portrait, as well as the year, month, and day in the audio and video recordings.

（三）删除公证遗嘱效力优先的规定

根据目前的法律规定，其他形式的遗嘱不得撤销、变更公证遗嘱，亦即公证遗嘱效力最高，仅可依公证遗嘱撤销或变更。但《民法典》将此规定删除，即公证遗嘱不再具有效力上的优先性，在判定各份遗嘱之间的效力时，以最后订立的遗嘱为准。之所以对公证遗嘱的优先性进行否定，是因为其限制了人们处理自己财产的自由。对行动不便的人而言，修改遗嘱可能面临时间及身体因素等诸多挑战。因此，为尊重遗嘱人的真实意愿，《民法典》把公证遗嘱效力优先原则删除。

（四）变更“胎儿出生”为“胎儿娩出”

通常含义中，出生应当表示胎儿娩出后为活体而非死体，《继承法》中规定“胎儿出生时是死体的”存在表述上自相矛盾的问题，而《民法典》继承编将其修改为“胎儿娩出时是死体的”则更为合适。

（五）扩大代位继承的适用范围

目前《继承法》仅规定被继承人的子女（第一顺序继承人）的晚辈直系血亲可作为代位继承人，但忽视了在无第一顺序继承人之情形下，第二顺序继承人的晚辈直系血亲的代位继承问题。在仍有其他亲属时，如被继承人的遗产径直归国家或集体经济组织所有通常不符合被继承人的意愿，将代位继承的主体范围扩展至第二顺序继承人的晚辈直系血亲，更有利于保护被继承人及其家庭成员的利益。

(3) Deletion of the provisions on the priority of the validity of notarized wills

According to the current laws and regulations, other forms of wills cannot be revoked or modified. Notarized wills are the most effective and can only be revoked or modified in accordance with notarized wills. However, the "Civil Code" deletes this provision, that is, notarized wills no longer have priority in effectiveness. When determining the effectiveness of each will, the final will shall prevail. The reason for denying the priority of a notarized will is because it restricts the freedom of people to deal with their own property. For people with limited mobility, revising a will may face many challenges such as time and physical factors. Therefore, in order to respect the true wishes of the testator, the "Civil Code" deletes the principle of priority of the validity of notarized wills.

(4) Change "fetus born" to "fetus delivered"

In the usual meaning, birth should mean that the fetus is alive rather than dead after delivery. The "Inheritance Law" stipulates that "the fetus is dead at birth" has a self-contradictory expression, and the "Civil Code" succession edits it to "The fetus is dead when it is delivered" is more appropriate.

(5) Expand the scope of application of subrogation

At present, the "Inheritance Law" only stipulates that the immediate descendants of the descendants of the decedent's children (first-order heirs) can be subrogated heirs, but ignores the subrogation of the descendants of the second-order heirs when there is no first-order heir. problem. When there are still other relatives, if the inheritance of the decedent goes directly to the state or collective economic organization, it is usually not in line with the wishes of the decedent, and the subject of subrogation inheritance is extended to the direct blood relatives of the descendants of the second-order successor, which is more conducive to protecting the decedent. The interests of heirs and their family members.

（六）增加转继承的例外情形

《民法典》在现有转继承规定的基础上，增加了遗嘱另有安排的例外情况。实践中，存在部分被继承人通过遗嘱排除部分人员继承资格的情形，《民法典》的规定更加尊重被继承人的意愿，在认定继承人范围时充分考虑被继承人的意思表示。

（七）限制归国家所有的遗产的用途

《继承法》规定，无人继承又无人受遗赠的遗产归国家所有；如死者生前是集体所有制组织成员的，归所在集体所有制组织所有。而《民法典》在此基础上，增加归国家所有的遗产需用于公益事业的规定，以此约束该等遗产的用途。

《民法典》继承编重点在于顺应时代发展、更注重保护被继承人的真实意愿和相关人的利益，并且对于用语进行了调整，增强了《民法典》继承编的精准性。

(6) Adding exceptions to transfer inheritance

On the basis of the existing regulations on transfer and inheritance, the "Civil Code" has added exceptions for other arrangements in the will. In practice, there are situations in which some deceased persons exclude the qualifications of some persons through wills. The provisions of the Civil Code more respect the wishes of the deceased, and fully consider the expression of the deceased’s intention when determining the scope of the heir.

(7) Restrict the use of state-owned heritage

The "Inheritance Law" stipulates that the inheritance that no one inherits or bequeathed belongs to the state; if the deceased was a member of a collective ownership organization before his death, it belongs to the collective ownership organization. On this basis, the "Civil Code" added regulations that state-owned heritage must be used for public welfare undertakings to restrict the use of such heritage.

The emphasis of the "Civil Code" succession compilation is to conform to the development of the times, pay more attention to protecting the true wishes of the deceased and the interests of related persons, and to adjust the terminology to enhance the accuracy of the "Civil Code" succession compilation.