【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百七十三）┃《民法典》中有关担保物权的规定（一）

《民法典》颁布后，在担保规定方面将散见于各个法律规范中的担保物权及保证的规定进行了统一化规定，特别是将保证担保列为典型合同（也称“有名合同”），为法律的统一适用奠定了基础。在担保物权中清理了《担保法》《担保法》司法解释、《物权法》相互冲突的条文，并确立了一些非典型担保合同的担保功能，对九民纪要中提到了无效法律行为转换进行明确，统一了法律理解与法律适用。对保证方式约定不明以及如何认定保证方式进行了与以往法律不同的规定。增加了担保人追偿权与代位权的规定，为权利的行使确定了方向。这些规定都值得我们认真学习与理解，以便正确适用法律，指导我们的司法实践。

After the promulgation of the "Civil Code", the guarantee provisions have unified provisions on the security property rights and guarantees scattered in various laws and regulations, especially the guarantee guarantee is listed as a typical contract (also called a "famous contract"). Laid a foundation for the uniform application of the law. The conflicting provisions of the "Guarantee Law", "Guarantee Law" judicial interpretation, and "Property Law" have been cleaned up in the security real right, and the guarantee function of some atypical guarantee contracts has been established. In the Jiumin Minutes, the conversion of invalid legal acts is mentioned Make clear, unify legal understanding and law application. It is different from the previous laws on the unclear agreement of the guarantee method and how to determine the guarantee method. The guarantor's right of recourse and subrogation have been added to determine the direction for the exercise of rights. These regulations are worthy of our serious study and understanding in order to correctly apply the law and guide our judicial practice.

1、担保合同的从属性的变化

担保权利属于从权利，与主债权同命运，主合同无效，担保合同无效。《担保法》与《物权法》在对待担保合同的从属性上规定的严格程度不同，在《担保法》第5条规定中“担保合同是主合同的从合同，主合同无效，担保合同无效，担保合同另有约定的，按照约定”，采取了约定优先原则。《物权法》对此进行了修正，《物权法》第172条第1款则规定主债权债务合同无效，担保合同无效 ，但法律另有规定的除外。但前几年《最高人民法院关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》中，在独立保函方面突破了担保合同从属性原则，确定了独立保函在国际商事领域可以独立生效的规定，这也与国际惯例相一致。九民纪要也将独立保函的独立效力从国际贸易扩展到国内商事活动。但是《民法典》再一次肯定了《物权法》关于担保合同从属性的规定，除非法律另有规定，主合同无效，担保合同无效，不仅适用于担保物权，也适用于保证合同。《民法典》物权编第388条第1款第3句规定:“担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，担保合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。”还在第682条第1款规定:“保证合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，保证合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。”

1. Changes in the subordination of the guarantee contract

The security right is a subordinate right and has the same fate as the main creditor's right. The main contract is invalid and the guarantee contract is invalid. The "Guaranty Law" and the "Property Law" have different strictness in the treatment of the subordination of the guarantee contract. Article 5 of the "Guaranty Law" stipulates that "the guarantee contract is a subsidiary contract of the main contract, and the main contract is invalid, and the guarantee contract is invalid. If the guarantee contract has other stipulations, in accordance with the stipulations", the stipulated priority principle is adopted. The "Property Law" has amended this. Article 172, paragraph 1, of the "Property Law" stipulates that the principal creditor's rights and debt contracts are invalid, and the guarantee contract is invalid, unless otherwise provided by law. However, in previous years, the Supreme People’s Court’s Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Independent Guarantee Dispute Cases broke through the principle of guarantee contract subordination in terms of independent guarantees, and determined that independent guarantees can be independently effective in the field of international commercial affairs. Consistent with international practice. The Jiumin Minutes also extended the independent effect of independent guarantees from international trade to domestic commercial activities. However, the "Civil Code" once again affirmed the "Property Law" on the subordination of the guarantee contract. Unless the law provides otherwise, the master contract is invalid and the guarantee contract is invalid, which applies not only to the real right of the security, but also to the guarantee contract. The third sentence of Article 388, paragraph 1, of the "Civil Code" stipulates: "The guarantee contract is a subordinate contract of the master creditor's right and debt contract. If the master creditor's right and debt contract is invalid, the guarantee contract is invalid, unless otherwise provided by law." It also stipulates in the first paragraph of Article 682: "The guarantee contract is a subordinate contract of the master creditor's rights and debts contract. If the master creditor's rights and debts contract is invalid, the guarantee contract is invalid, unless otherwise provided by law."

2、确定购置价款的抵押权

动产抵押权原则上自抵押合同生效时设立，不登记不得对抗第三人。如果都办理了登记，以登记的先后时间顺序来确定动产抵押权的优先受偿顺序。但此次《民法典》对购置价款的抵押权给予优先保护的效力。《民法典》第419条规定:“动产抵押担保的主债权是抵押物的价款，标的物交付后十日内办理抵押登记的，该抵押权人优先于抵押物买受人的其他担保物权人受偿，但是留置权人除外。”这是对购置款抵押权的规定。具体而言，是指债权人提供资金给债务人用于购买其生产经营所需的动产，债务人以所购的动产作为抵押财产为债权人提供的购买该动产的价款提供担保，如果债务人不能履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，则作为抵押权人的债权人有权将该动产变价并就该价款优先受偿。举例说明，某甲从某乙借款用于购买机器设备，购买后于三日内将该设备抵押给某丙，七日内又将该设备抵押给某乙，上述抵押均办理了登记，如果按照《物权法》的规定，先登记的抵押权优先于后登记的抵押权，那么丙的抵押权将会优先于乙的抵押权，但是《民法典》对购置价款的抵押权给予了特殊保护，即提供购置款的债权人在标的物交付十日内办理了抵押登记，其优先受偿的效力优于在在先取得抵押登记的抵押权人，即乙的抵押权优先于丙的抵押权，但是要求必须在标的物交付十日内办理登记，并且不能对抗留置权人。

2. Determine the mortgage on the purchase price

In principle, the mortgage of movable property is established when the mortgage contract becomes effective, and it shall not be against a third party without registration. If the registration is completed, the priority of the mortgage of movable property shall be determined in the order of registration. However, this time the "Civil Code" gives priority protection to the mortgage on the purchase price. Article 419 of the "Civil Code" stipulates: "The main creditor's right guaranteed by the mortgage of movable property is the price of the mortgaged property. If the mortgage registration is handled within ten days after the delivery of the subject matter, the mortgagee shall have priority over the other secured property holders of the mortgaged property buyer. Compensated, except for the holder of the lien." This is the provision for the purchase mortgage. Specifically, it means that the creditor provides funds to the debtor to purchase the movable property needed for its production and operation. The debtor uses the purchased movable property as a mortgage to provide a guarantee for the purchase price provided by the creditor for the movable property. If the debtor cannot perform the due debt Or, if the mortgage is realized as agreed by the parties, the creditor as the mortgagee shall have the right to change the value of the movable property and receive priority for the payment. For example, a certain person A borrows money from a certain person B to purchase machinery and equipment, and mortgages the equipment to a certain person C within three days after the purchase, and then mortgages the equipment to a certain person B within seven days. The above mortgages have been registered. If the mortgage is in accordance with the "Property Law According to the provisions of ", the mortgage right registered first has priority over the mortgage right registered later, then the mortgage right of C will have priority over the mortgage of B, but the Civil Code gives special protection to the mortgage of the purchase price, that is, purchase The creditor of the loan has gone through the mortgage registration within ten days of the delivery of the subject matter, and its priority for repayment is better than the mortgagee who obtained the mortgage registration earlier, that is, the mortgage of B has priority over the mortgage of C, but it must be registered in the subject matter. The registration is completed within ten days of the delivery of the property, and the lien holder cannot be confronted.