【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百七十二）┃《民法典》修订条款对金融机构业务影响

《中华人民共和国民法典》于2021年1月1日开始实施，“一法出九法废”，《民法典》的颁布实施具有的重大意义。金融业作为以民法为基础的行业，涉及到贷款、保证、担保、抵押等相关问题。现就《民法典》修订条款对金融机构具体业务影响分析如下。

The "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" came into effect on January 1, 2021. "One law has nine laws abolished". The promulgation and implementation of the "Civil Code" is of great significance. As an industry based on civil law, the financial industry involves loan, guarantee, guarantee, mortgage and other related issues. The analysis of the impact of the revised provisions of the Civil Code on the specific business of financial institutions is as follows.

一、允许带抵押转让财产带来的影响

现条款：物权法第一百九十一条　抵押期间，抵押人经抵押权人同意转让抵押财产的，应当将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。抵押期间，抵押人未经抵押权人同意，不得转让抵押财产，但受让人代为清偿债务消灭抵押权的除外。

修改条款：第四百零六条 抵押期间,抵押人可以转让抵押财产。当事人另有约定的,按照其约定。抵押财产转让的，抵押权不受影响。抵押人转让抵押财产的,应当及时通知抵押权人。抵押权人能够证明抵押财产转让可能损害抵押权的,可以请求抵押人将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有,不足部分由债务人清偿。

影响分析及建议：这一规定颠覆了原《物权法》中关于未经抵押权人（金融机构）同意，禁止转让的强制性规则。民法典出台前，抵押人（借款人）需要转让抵押物必须经过抵押权人（金融机构）的同意，民法典修订后无需经过金融机构同意，只需要尽到通知义务即可转让，除非抵押权人证明转让可能损害抵押权的才能提存或提前清偿，该变化提高了抵押财产的流动性，但同时也弱化了抵押权人对抵押财产的控制能力，增加了金融机构的抵押风险。对于金融机构来说，开展业务涉及房屋、土地使用权等抵押时，为避免因抵押财产转让导致抵押权人实现抵押风险加大，需在协议中明确约定抵押财产不得转让或未经抵押权人同意，抵押人不得转让抵押财产。

1. The impact of allowing the transfer of property with mortgage

Current Clause: Article 191 of the Property Law: During the mortgage period, if the mortgagor agrees to transfer the mortgaged property, the proceeds from the transfer shall be paid to the mortgagee in advance or deposited. The portion of the transferred price exceeding the amount of the creditor's rights shall belong to the mortgagor, and the insufficient portion shall be paid off by the debtor. During the mortgage period, the mortgagor may not transfer the mortgaged property without the consent of the mortgagee, unless the assignee pays off the debt and eliminates the mortgage right.

Modification clause: Article 406 During the mortgage period, the mortgagor may transfer the mortgaged property. The parties have agreed otherwise, in accordance with its agreement. If the mortgaged property is transferred, the mortgage right shall not be affected. If the mortgagor transfers the mortgaged property, it shall promptly notify the mortgagee. If the mortgagee can prove that the transfer of the mortgaged property may damage the mortgage right, it may request the mortgagor to repay the debt or deposit the proceeds from the transfer to the mortgagee in advance. The portion of the transferred price that exceeds the amount of the creditor's rights belongs to the mortgagor, and the shortfall is paid by the debtor.

Impact analysis and recommendations: This provision subverts the original "Property Law" on the prohibition of transfer without the consent of the mortgagee (financial institution). Before the promulgation of the Civil Code, the mortgagor (borrower) needed to transfer the mortgaged property with the consent of the mortgagee (financial institution). After the revision of the Civil Code, the consent of the financial institution is not required, and the transfer can be made only by fulfilling the notification obligation, unless the mortgage The person who proves that the transfer may damage the mortgage right can be deposited or paid off in advance. This change improves the liquidity of the mortgaged property, but at the same time weakens the mortgagee's ability to control the mortgaged property and increases the mortgage risk of financial institutions. For financial institutions, when their business involves mortgages such as houses and land use rights, in order to avoid the mortgagee's realization of increased risks due to the transfer of the mortgaged property, it is necessary to clearly stipulate in the agreement that the mortgaged property shall not be transferred or the mortgagee shall not be transferred Agree, the mortgagor shall not transfer the mortgaged property.

二、保证责任约定不明按一般保证处理带来的影响

现条款：《担保法》第十九条 当事人对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照连带责任保证承担保证责任。

修改条款：第六百八十六条 保证的方式包括一般保证和连带责任保证。当事人在保证合同中对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照一般保证承担保证责任。

影响分析及建议：民法典改变了保证责任约定不明时的认定规则，由连带保证直接修改为一般保证，变化较大，需要金融机构给予足够重视。在涉及保证责任条款时，金融机构必须在协议中明确，保证人承担保证责任的种类和内容，在无特殊情况下尽量约定承担连带责任保证，且不得出现约定冲突或者约定不明的情况，避免被认定为一般保证而导致金融机构权益受到影响。

三、新增居住权带来的影响

新增条款：《民法典》第三百六十六条至第三百七十一条规定了居住权的有关内容，新增居住权这一用益物权类型。

影响分析及建议：《民法典》施行后，居住权的设立将对住宅类抵押物的变现能力和变现价值产生重大影响。这不仅要求金融机构在住宅类抵押业务中对房屋的权属、地理位置、查封、租赁、再次抵押等情况进行调查分析，还需要额外对抵押物的居住权设立情况进行审查。为避免后续抵押人新设居住权引发争议，金融机构与抵押人在签订抵押合同时可以约定：“未经抵押权人同意，抵押人不得就抵押房产新设居住权”等此类条款。

2. The impact of the unclear guarantee responsibility agreement and the general guarantee treatment

Current clause: Article 19 of the "Guaranty Law" If the parties have not agreed on the guarantee method or the agreement is not clear, they shall bear the guarantee responsibility in accordance with the joint liability guarantee.

Modification clause: Article 686 The guarantee methods include general guarantee and joint liability guarantee. If there is no agreement on the guarantee method or the agreement is not clear in the guarantee contract, the parties shall assume the guarantee liability in accordance with the general guarantee.

Impact analysis and suggestions: The Civil Code has changed the determination rules when the guarantee liability agreement is not clear, and the joint guarantee is directly modified to a general guarantee. The changes are large and require sufficient attention from financial institutions. When it comes to guarantee liability clauses, financial institutions must specify in the agreement that the guarantor assumes the type and content of guarantee responsibilities, and try to agree to assume joint liability guarantees under no special circumstances, and there must be no conflicts or unclear agreements to avoid being identified As a general guarantee, the rights and interests of financial institutions are affected.

3. The impact of new residency rights

New clauses: Articles 366 to 371 of the Civil Code stipulate the relevant content of the right of residence, and the new type of usufructuary right of residence is added.

Impact analysis and recommendations: After the implementation of the "Civil Code", the establishment of the right of residence will have a significant impact on the liquidity and value of residential mortgages. This not only requires financial institutions to investigate and analyze the ownership, geographic location, seizure, lease, and remortgage of houses in the residential mortgage business, but also requires additional review of the establishment of residential rights of the mortgage. In order to avoid subsequent disputes caused by the mortgagor’s new residency, the financial institution and the mortgagor may agree on such clauses as “without the consent of the mortgagee, the mortgagor shall not create a new residency on the mortgaged property” when signing the mortgage contract.

四、债权转让通知保证人才生效带来的影响

新增条款：第六百九十六条 债权人转让全部或者部分债权，未通知保证人的，该转让对保证人不发生效力。保证人与债权人约定禁止债权转让，债权人未经保证人书面同意转让债权的，保证人对受让人不再承担保证责任。

影响分析：民法典明确债权转让未通知保证人的，该转让对保证人不发生效力。对于金融机构来说，建议在保证合同中约定债权人有权将主债权转让予第三人，保证人自收到债权人主债权转让通知后应继续承担保证责任，同时在保证协议中明确约定联系方式并采取有效手段通知保证人。

Fourth, the effect of the notice of creditor's right transfer guaranteeing the effective talent

New clause: Article 696 If the creditor transfers all or part of the creditor's rights without notifying the guarantor, the transfer will not be effective for the guarantor. The guarantor and the creditor agree to prohibit the transfer of the creditor's rights. If the creditor transfers the creditor's rights without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantor shall no longer bear the responsibility of the guarantee to the transferee.

Impact analysis: The Civil Code clarifies that if the guarantor is not notified of the assignment of creditor's rights, the assignment will not have effect on the guarantor. For financial institutions, it is recommended to stipulate in the guarantee contract that the creditor shall have the right to transfer the principal claim to a third party. The guarantor shall continue to bear the guarantee responsibility after receiving the notice of the transfer of the principal claim of the creditor, and at the same time clearly stipulate the contact information in the guarantee agreement. Take effective measures to notify the guarantor.