【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百七十）┃《民法典》侵权责任编之亮点解读

《民法典侵权责任编》亮点纷呈，对于我们日常生活中经常发生的自助行为、好意同乘、高空抛物、网络侵权等侵权行为，均进行了规范和完善。下面我们对侵权责任编亮点进行解读。

The "Civil Code Tort Liability" has many bright spots, and it regulates and improves the infringements that often occur in our daily lives, such as self-help behaviors, goodwill rides, throwing objects at high altitudes, and online infringements. Below we explain the highlights of the infringement liability edition.

亮点一 确立“自甘风险”规则

【第1176条】确立“自甘风险”规则。自愿参加具有危险性的活动受到损害的，受害人不得请求他人承担侵权责任，但是他人对损害的发生有故意或者重大过失的除外。活动组织者就未尽到安全保障义务承担侵权责任。确立“自甘风险”规则，有利于明确学校等机构正常开展此类活动的责任界线。

法律规定：【新法】第一千一百七十六条　【自甘风险】自愿参加具有一定风险的文体活动,因其他参加者的行为受到损害的,受害人不得请求其他参加者承担侵权责任;但是,其他参加者对损害的发生有故意或者重大过失的除外。

活动组织者的责任适用本法第一千一百九十八条至第一千二百零一条的规定。

亮点二 规定“自助行为”制度

【第1177条】规定“自助行为”制度。对受侵害情况紧迫且不能及时获得国家机关保护的，受害人可以在必要范围内采取扣留侵权人的财务等合理措施，及时有效合理地保障受害人的合法权益。

法律规定：【新法】第一千一百七十七条　【自助行为】合法权益受到侵害,情况紧迫且不能及时获得国家机关保护,不立即采取措施将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的,受害人可以在保护自己合法权益的必要范围内采取扣留侵权人的财物等合理措施;但是,应当立即请求有关国家机关处理。

受害人采取的措施不当造成他人损害的,应当承担侵权责任。

Highlight 1 Establish the “self-contained risk” rule

[Article 1176] Establish the "self-willing risk" rule. If voluntarily participating in dangerous activities suffers damage, the victim shall not request others to bear tort liability, except that the damage occurred intentionally or grossly negligent. The organizer of the event shall bear tort liability for failure to fulfill the obligation of safety protection. The establishment of “self-contained risk” rules is conducive to clarifying the boundaries of responsibility for schools and other institutions to carry out such activities normally.

The law stipulates: [New Law] Article 176 [At your own risk] Voluntarily participate in cultural and sports activities with certain risks. If the actions of other participants are harmed, the victim shall not request other participants to bear tort liability; However, other participants have intentional or gross negligence in the occurrence of damage, except.

The responsibilities of event organizers shall be governed by the provisions of Articles 1198 to 1201 of this Law.

Highlight 2 stipulates the "self-help behavior" system

[Article 1177] Provides a "self-help behavior" system. If the situation of the infringement is urgent and cannot be protected by the state agency in time, the victim can take reasonable measures such as detaining the infringer’s finances within the necessary scope, so as to timely, effectively and reasonably protect the lawful rights and interests of the victim.

The law stipulates: [New Law] Article 1177 [Self-help behavior] If the lawful rights and interests are infringed, the situation is urgent and the protection of the state organs cannot be obtained in time, and failure to take immediate measures will cause irreparable damage to the lawful rights and interests The victim can take reasonable measures such as detaining the property of the infringer within the scope necessary to protect his lawful rights and interests; however, he should immediately request the relevant state agency to deal with it.

If the victim takes improper measures and causes damage to others, he shall bear tort liability.

亮点三 扩大精神损害赔偿的适用范围

【第1183条第2款】扩大精神损害赔偿的适用范围。故意侵害自然人具有人身意义的特定物品造成严重精神损害的，被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。

法律规定：【旧法】 第二十二条 侵害他人人身权益，造成他人严重精神损害的，被侵权人可以请求精神损害赔偿。

【新法】第一千一百八十三条　【精神损害赔偿】侵害自然人人身权益造成严重精神损害的,被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。

因故意或者重大过失侵害自然人具有人身意义的特定物造成严重精神损害的,被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。

亮点四 完善机动车交通事故责任规则

【第1211条、第1213条、第1217条】完善机动车交通事故责任规则。明确挂靠车辆引发交通事故时的责任主体，明确机动车强制保险和商业保险的赔偿顺序，增加非营运机动车无偿搭乘造成损害的处理规则。

法律规定：【新法】第一千二百一十一条　【挂靠机动车侵权责任】以挂靠形式从事道路运输经营活动的机动车,发生交通事故造成损害,属于该机动车一方责任的,由挂靠人和被挂靠人承担连带责任。

第一千二百一十二条　【未经允许驾驶他人机动车侵权责任】未经允许驾驶他人机动车,发生交通事故造成损害,属于该机动车一方责任的,由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任;机动车所有人、管理人对损害的发生有过错的,承担相应的赔偿责任,但是本章另有规定的除外。

第一千二百一十三条　【交通事故责任承担主体赔偿顺序】机动车发生交通事故造成损害,属于该机动车一方责任的,先由承保机动车强制保险的保险人在强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿;不足部分,由承保机动车商业保险的保险人按照保险合同的约定予以赔偿;仍然不足或者没有投保机动车商业保险的,由侵权人赔偿。

第一千二百一十七条　【好意同乘的责任承担】非营运机动车发生交通事故造成无偿搭乘人损害,属于该机动车一方责任的,应当减轻其赔偿责任,但是机动车使用人有故意或者重大过失的除外。

亮点五 完善高空抛物坠物责任规则

【第1254条】完善高空抛物坠物责任规则。为保障好人民群众的生命财产安全，对高空抛物坠物治理规则作了进一步的完善，明确责任主体，物业服务企业等建筑物管理人应当采取必要的安全保障措施防止高空抛物坠物情形的发生。

法律规定：【旧法】 第八十七条 从建筑物中抛掷物品或者从建筑物上坠落的物品造成他人损害，难以确定具体侵权人的，除能够证明自己不是侵权人的外，由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿。

【新法】第一千二百五十四条　【不明抛掷物、坠落物致害责任】禁止从建筑物中抛掷物品。从建筑物中抛掷物品或者从建筑物上坠落的物品造成他人损害的,由侵权人依法承担侵权责任;经调查难以确定具体侵权人的,除能够证明自己不是侵权人的外,由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿。可能加害的建筑物使用人补偿后,有权向侵权人追偿。

物业服务企业等建筑物管理人应当采取必要的安全保障措施防止前款规定情形的发生;未采取必要的安全保障措施的,应当依法承担未履行安全保障义务的侵权责任。

发生本条第一款规定的情形的,公安等机关应当依法及时调查,查清责任人。

Highlight 3 Expand the scope of application of compensation for mental damage

[Article 1183, paragraph 2] Expand the scope of application of compensation for mental damage. If the intentional infringement of a specific object of personal significance on a natural person causes serious mental damage, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for mental damage.

The law stipulates: [old law] Article 22 Infringement of the personal rights and interests of others, causing serious mental damage to others, the infringed party may request compensation for mental damage.

[New Law] Article 1183 [Compensation for Mental Damage] If the infringement of the personal rights and interests of a natural person causes serious mental damage, the infringed person shall have the right to request compensation for mental damage.

If serious mental damage is caused by intentional or gross negligence infringing upon a specific object of personal significance to a natural person, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for mental damage.

Highlight 4 Improve the liability rules for motor vehicle accidents

[Article 1211, Article 1213, Article 1217] Improve the liability rules for motor vehicle accidents. Clarify the responsible party when the connected vehicle causes a traffic accident, clarify the order of compensation for compulsory motor vehicle insurance and commercial insurance, and increase the handling rules for damage caused by unpaid rides on non-operating motor vehicles.

According to the law: [New Law] Article 1211 [Liability for Tort of Affiliated Motor Vehicles] A motor vehicle that is engaged in road transport business activities in the form of an affiliate shall be responsible for damage caused by a traffic accident. The person and the affiliated person bear joint and several liability.

Article 1212 [Infringement Liability for Driving Others' Motor Vehicles Without Permission] If a traffic accident causes damage by driving another's motor vehicle without permission, the motor vehicle user shall be liable for compensation if the damage is caused by a traffic accident. ; If the owner or manager of the motor vehicle is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, he shall bear the corresponding compensation liability, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.

Article 1213 [Order of Compensation by Subjects to Bear the Liability for Traffic Accidents] If a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident that causes damage, which is the responsibility of the motor vehicle, the insurer who first underwrites the compulsory motor vehicle insurance shall be within the scope of the compulsory insurance liability limit Compensation shall be paid within; the insufficiency shall be compensated by the insurer who underwrites commercial motor vehicle insurance in accordance with the insurance contract; if there is still insufficient or no commercial motor vehicle insurance, the infringer shall compensate.

Article 1217 [Responsibilities for goodwill riders] If a traffic accident of a non-operating motor vehicle causes damage to the unpaid passengers, and the liability of the motor vehicle is the party, the liability for compensation shall be reduced, but the motor vehicle user has Except deliberate or gross negligence.

Highlight 5 Improve the liability rules for parabolic falling objects

[Article 1254] Improve the liability rules for parabolic falling objects from high altitude. In order to ensure the safety of the people’s lives and property, the rules for the management of falling objects from high altitudes have been further improved to clarify the responsible parties. Building managers such as property service companies shall take necessary safety measures to prevent the occurrence of falling objects from high altitudes. .

Legal provisions: [Old Law] Article 87 Throwing objects from a building or objects falling from a building cause damage to others, and it is difficult to determine the specific infringer, except for those who may prove that they are not infringers The building user shall be compensated.

[New Law] Article 1254 　 [Unidentified Throwing Objects, Falling Objects Damage Responsibility] It is forbidden to throw objects from buildings. If an object is thrown from a building or an object falling from a building causes damage to others, the infringer shall bear the tort liability in accordance with the law; if it is difficult to determine the specific infringer after investigation, unless it can be proved that he is not the infringer, the person who may have caused the harm The building user shall be compensated. After compensation, the user of the building that may have caused the damage has the right to claim compensation from the infringer.

Building managers such as real estate service enterprises shall take necessary safety protection measures to prevent the occurrence of the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph; if the necessary safety protection measures are not taken, they shall bear tort liability for failure to perform the safety protection obligations in accordance with the law.

In the event of the situation specified in the first paragraph of this article, the public security organs shall promptly investigate in accordance with the law and find out the person responsible.