【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百五十八）┃《民法典》中的不动产物权制度

2020年5月28日，十三届全国人大三次会议审议通过了《民法典》，这是我国首部以法典命名的法律，在中国法治史上具有划时代的意义。《民法典》是在各民事单行法的基础上编纂而成的，其中物权编的编纂依据就是《物权法》。《民法典》物权编对《物权法》中有关不动产物权的规定进行了多方面的补充、修改和完善。

On May 28, 2020, the Third session of the 13th National People's Congress deliberated and adopted the Civil Code, China's first law named after it, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of China's rule of law. The Civil Code is compiled on the basis of each separate civil law, in which the real right compilation is based on the Real right Law. The real right of the Civil Code has made many supplements, modifications and improvements to the provisions of the real right of real estate in the Property Law.

《民法典》物权编第207条规定：国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律平等保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。这一规定同《物权法》第4条规定相比，在保护前面增加了“平等”二字，这不是简单的文字修改，而是体现了物权保护理念的重大转变。《民法典》物权编确立的国家、集体和私人的物权受法律平等保护的规定，具有重大的历史意义，体现了《民法典》的核心价值。

Article 207 of the Real Right Title of the Civil Code stipulates that the real right of the state, collective, private and other obligee shall be equally protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual. Compared with the provisions in Article 4 of the Property Law, this provision adds the word "equality" in front of the protection. This is not a simple text modification, but reflects a significant change in the concept of real right protection. The provisions that the state, collective and private real rights are equally protected by law in the Real rights Compilation of the Civil Code are of great historical significance and reflect the core values of the Civil Code.

《民法典》物权编对不动产统一登记制度进行了确认，并针对《物权法》实施中存在的突出问题，对相关条款进行了完善：一是统一登记机构。二是增加利害关系人在不动产登记资料查询复制中的义务。

The real right of "Civil Code" has confirmed the unified registration system of real estate, and aiming at the prominent problems existing in the implementation of "property Law", has improved the relevant provisions: first, the unified registration organization. The second is to increase the obligations of interested parties in the real estate registration information inquiry and replication.

不动产征收征用制度是宪法确立的重要制度。《民法典》物权编从所有权丧失的角度对不动产征收征用制度进行了规范。同《物权法》的规定相比，做了4个方面的修改完善：一是将征收补偿费的支付由“依法足额支付”修改为“依法及时足额支付”。这一修改的目的是体现《民法典》第117条所规定的“公平、合理”的征收补偿原则，保障被征收人及时得到补偿费。二是将征收补偿的范围由“土地补偿费、安置补助费、地上附着物和青苗的补偿费等费用”修改为“土地补偿费、安置补助费以及农村村民住宅、其他地上附着物和青苗等的补偿费用”。这一修改主要是将农村村民住宅补偿从地上附着物补偿中独立出来，以特别强调对被征收人住宅的保障。三是将《物权法》中的“拆迁补偿”修改为“征收补偿”，这是对原规定不准确表述的更正。四是体现疫情防控的需要，在《物权法》第44条关于因抢险救灾可以征用不动产的基础上，《民法典》物权编第245条增加“疫情防控”作为征用不动产的法定事由，为当前新冠肺炎疫情防控中的不动产征用提供法律依据。

The system of real estate expropriation and requisition is an important system established by the Constitution. The Real right Of civil Code regulates the system of real estate expropriation and requisition from the perspective of loss of ownership. Compared with the provisions of "property law", it has made four modifications and improvements: first, the payment of the compensation fees collected is changed from "payment in full in accordance with the law" to "payment in full and on time in accordance with the law". The purpose of this amendment is to reflect the principle of "fair and reasonable" expropriation compensation stipulated in Article 117 of the Civil Code, so as to guarantee the expropriated person to get compensation fee in time. Second, the scope of expropriation and compensation shall be changed from "land compensation fees, resettlement fees, compensation fees for above-ground fixtures and young crops" to "compensation fees for land compensation, resettlement fees, and compensation fees for rural villagers' houses, other above-ground fixtures and young crops". This modification is mainly to separate the compensation for rural villagers' houses from the compensation for aboveground fixtures, with a special emphasis on the protection of the houses of the expropriated. Third, the "demolition compensation" in the "property Law" is amended to "expropriation compensation", which is a correction of the inaccurate expression of the original provisions. Fourth, to reflect the need of epidemic prevention and control, on the basis of article 44 of the Property Law that realty can be expropriated for emergency rescue and disaster relief, article 245 of the Real right Title of the Civil Code adds "epidemic prevention and control" as the legal reason for expropriating realty, providing a legal basis for the current coVID-19 epidemic prevention and control.

《民法典》物权编在《物权法》规定的不动产用益物权的基础上，不仅增加了新的用益物权种类，也对原有用益物权的行使提出了新的要求。新增居住权作为新的用益物权。

Based on the usufruct of real estate stipulated in the Property Law, the real right in the Civil Code not only adds new types of usufruct, but also puts forward new requirements for the exercise of the original usufruct. New right of residence as a new usufruct.