【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百四十九）┃《民法典》中贴近生活新规解读之违约精神损害赔偿请求权

《民法典》的立法宗旨和目的就是充分反映人民群众的意愿，保障私权，维护广大人民群众的利益。只有充分保护私权，才能全面保障和维护公民的切身利益。那么，民事主体享有违约精神损害赔偿请求权有哪些新变化？

The legislative purpose and purpose of the Civil Code is to fully reflect the will of the people, protect private rights and safeguard the interests of the masses. Only by fully protecting private rights can the vital interests of citizens be fully protected and safeguarded. Then, what are the new changes in the civil subject's right to claim damages for breach of contract?

《民法典》人格权编第996条规定：“因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。”这一条文是对违约行为造成精神损害可以直接适用精神损害赔偿责任救济的规定，这是一项新规则，因为以前的司法解释是禁止在违约责任中适用精神损害赔偿责任救济的。

Article 996 of the Right of Personality of the Civil Code stipulates, "If a party's breach of contract damages the other party's right of personality and causes serious mental damage, and the injured party chooses to request it to bear the liability for breach of contract, the injured party shall not be affected to claim for compensation for mental damage." This article is a new rule that can directly apply the relief of mental damage liability for the spiritual damage caused by the breach of contract, because the previous judicial interpretation prohibits the application of the relief of mental damage liability for breach of contract.

当违约行为发生时，一方面造成了债权人的财产利益的损害，另一方面又造成了债权人的精神利益的损害，也侵害了债权人的人格利益造成严重精神损害。例如，旅行社组织的旅行团混进严重的传染病人，其他团员面临感染疾病的威胁，造成严重精神损害。长期以来，我国采取违约行为不得请求适用精神损害赔偿责任的做法，当事人如果坚持主张，则应通过民事责任竞合的方法，选择侵权诉讼方可获得支持。这样的做法对当事人容易形成讼累，一个违约行为须提起两个诉讼，并且可能还不是由同一个法院管辖。本条新规定，因违约造成严重精神损害的，受害人可以直接起诉要求承担精神损害赔偿责任，就可以解决这个问题，有利于受害人方便、及时地行使权利，保护自己。

When the default occurs, on the one hand, it damages the property interests of the creditor, on the other hand, it damages the spiritual interests of the creditor, and damages the personality interests of the creditor. For example, tour groups organized by travel agencies infiltrate seriously infected persons, and other tour members face the threat of contracting diseases, causing serious mental damage. For a long time, China has adopted the practice of not requesting the application of mental damage compensation liability for breach of contract. If the parties insist on their claims, they should choose tort litigation through the method of civil liability concurption to get support. Such practices tend to be litigious, requiring two suits for each breach, and may not be under the jurisdiction of the same court. According to the new provisions of this article, if the breach of contract causes serious mental damage, the victim may directly Sue for compensation for mental damage, which can solve this problem and help the victim to conveniently and timely exercise his rights and protect himself.

适用本条的构成要件是：第一，双方当事人存在合同等债的关系；第二，一方当事人违反合同构成违约行为；第三，在侵害了债权人债权的同时，还侵害了债权人的人格权造成严重精神损害；第四，既造成了债权人财产利益的损害，也造成了精神利益的严重损害。具备上述要件，受损害一方请求其承担违约责任，也可以一并请求违约方精神损害赔偿。

The constitutive requirements of this article are as follows: First, the parties have a contractual and other debt relationship; Second, a party's breach of contract constitutes a breach of contract; Third, it not only infringes the creditor's right, but also infringes the creditor's right of personality and causes serious spiritual damage. Fourth, it not only causes damage to the creditor's property interests, but also causes serious damage to the spiritual interests. If the above requirements are met, the aggrieved party may request it to bear the liability for breach of contract, or may also request the breaching party to compensate for mental damage.

本条与侵权责任编第1183条第1款关于精神损害赔偿责任一般性规定的关系是：第1183条是普通规定，本条是特别规定，在违约责任领域，本条具有优先适用的效力。

The relationship between this article and the general provision on compensation for mental damage in paragraph 1 of Article 1183 of the Tort liability title is as follows: Article 1183 is the general provision and this article is the special provision. In the field of liability for breach of contract, this article has the effect of priority application.