【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百三十五）┃建设工程施工合同纠纷中如何确定诉讼主体

建设工程合同纠纷的当事人指发包人与承包人企业可按合同约定确定相应的对方当事人。一般情况下只要企业具备法人主体资格就具备诉讼主体资格。

The parties to a construction project contract dispute refer to the parties that the owner and the contractor may determine in accordance with the contract. Generally speaking, as long as the enterprise has the qualification of legal person subject, it has the qualification of litigation subject.

但建设工程类企业本身主体又较为复杂，有子公司、分公司、工程处、项目经理部：其中子公司具备独立法人资格，有权成为民事诉讼的原告或被告。分公司若在市场监督部门登记，领有市场监督部门营业执照的，属于民事诉讼法规定的其他组织，也享有民事主体资格。而项目部是否能成为民诉主体，要看是有否在相关部门登记：而项目经理不具法人资格，也非独立核算的内部机构，无权以自己的名义起诉与被诉。

However, the main body of construction engineering enterprises is relatively complex, including subsidiaries, branches, agency and project management department. Among them, subsidiaries have independent legal person status and have the right to be the plaintiff or defendant in civil litigation. If a branch company registers with the market supervision department and holds a business license from the market supervision department, it shall be one of the other organizations stipulated in the Civil Procedure Law and shall also enjoy the qualification of civil subject. Whether the project department can become the subject of civil lawsuit depends on whether it has registered with relevant departments: the project manager does not have the legal person qualification, nor is the internal organization of independent accounting, and has no right to Sue and be sued in his own name.

01工程转包的诉讼主体确认

(1) 转包后发生拖欠工程款纠纷时，经发包人同意的，属于合同法规定的合同转让：应将实际施工人列为原告，发包人列为被告，合同承包人不列为当事人。转包时，未经发包人同意的，实际施工人是原告，承包人是被告;发包人一般不列为当事人。

(1) In case of any dispute over project payment arrears after subcontracting, the contract transfer as stipulated in the Contract law shall include the actual constructor as the plaintiff, the developer as the defendant, and the contract contractor as the party not. When subcontracting, without the consent of the owner, the actual constructor is the plaintiff and the contractor is the defendant; The employer is generally not listed as a party.

(2) 承包人将其承包的建设工程合同转包给实际施工人后，发生质量纠纷处理：发包人是原告，承包人、实际施工人员是共同被告，双方对工程质量问题承担连带责任。

(2) After the contractor subcontracts the construction project contract to the actual builder, quality disputes shall be settled: the developer is the plaintiff, the contractor and the actual builder are the co-defendants, and both parties shall bear joint liability for the quality problems of the project.

02工程挂靠的诉讼主体确认

(1) 工程欠款纠纷。应当以实际施工人、被桂靠单位为共同原告。若被挂靠单位不愿起诉的，实际施工人可单独起诉。　

(1) Project debt dispute. The actual constructor and the recipient unit shall be the co-plaintiffs. If the affiliated unit is unwilling to Sue, the actual builder may Sue separately.

(2) 工程质量纠纷。应当以实际施工人，被挂靠单位为共同被告;两单位对质量责任承担连带责任。

(2) Project quality disputes. The actual builder and the attached unit shall be the co-defendants; The two units shall undertake joint and several liability for quality responsibility.

03联合承包的诉讼主体确认

两个以上的承包人联合承包工程，由其中一方与发包人签订建设工程合同而发生纠纷，则其他联合方应列为本案共同原被告。

If two or more contractors jointly contract a project and a dispute arises when a construction contract is signed between one of them and the developer, other joint parties shall be named as co-defendants in this case.

04合作建设、开发的诉讼主体确认

若合作方对合作标的享有共同权益的，且合作一方与承包人签订承包合同，因承包合同纠纷而诉讼的，其他合作建设方为共同原被告。

If the partner enjoys common interests in the subject matter of the cooperation, and if the partner and the contractor sign a contract and file a lawsuit due to the contract dispute, the other cooperative construction parties shall be the co-original defendants.

05涉及分包的主体确认

因分包单位原因致使建设单位发生损失的，建设单位可以以总包单位为被告，直接向总包单位索赔。而总包单位承担责任后，可以以有责任的分包单位为对方当事人，另行提起诉讼。

If any loss occurs to the construction unit due to any subcontractor, the construction unit may take the contractor as the defendant and directly claim compensation from the contractor. After the contractor assumes the responsibility, it may take the responsible subcontractor as the other party and file a lawsuit separately.

06产品质量侵权的主体确认

工程质量不合格造成第三人财产人身损害的，受害人为原告，而确认对方当事人时应区分涉案工程是否已交付。在工程交付前，以承包人为被告;在工程支付后，以发包人为被告。

If the unqualified project quality causes property and personal damage to a third party, the victim shall be the plaintiff, and the other party shall be determined by distinguishing whether the project involved has been delivered or not. Before the project is delivered, the contractor shall be the defendant; After payment of the works, the contractor shall be the defendant.

07施工人侵权的主体确认

施工期间因承包人过错致人损害，如在公共场所，道旁或地上挖坑，安装地下设施，未设明显标志和未采取安全措施致第三人损害的，以承包人为被告，而发包人不列为被告。

During construction, if the contractor causes damage due to his fault, such as digging pits or installing underground facilities in public places, beside roads or on the ground, without obvious signs or taking safety measures, and causes damage to a third party, the contractor shall be the defendant, while the developer shall not be listed as the defendant.

08实际施工人雇员工伤责任主体确认

施工期间，不具备用工主体资格的施工队雇员，因施工过程中发生工伤事故，以违法转包、分包的用工单位为被告或被申请人。

During the construction period, if an employee of the construction team who is not qualified as the subject of the employment occurs an industrial injury during the construction process, the employer that illegally subcontracts or subcontracts shall be the defendant or the respondent.