【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百二十九）┃ 各类合同审查要点的法律分析

合同作为一种民事法律行为，是当事人协商一致的产物，是两个以上的意思表示相一致的协议。只有当事人所作出的意思表示合法，合同才具有国家法律约束力。在我们日常的生活中，柴米油盐酱醋茶的交易中都离不开合同，除此之外，还有大家比较熟悉的，就是买房，买车，租房等，可以说，在我们的日常生活中处处离不开合同，合同的重要性也是不言而喻的，当然一份好的合同不仅可以有效保护自己，保护自己的合法权益免受侵害，又可以制约不诚信行为，从而使整个社会的交易公平、诚信的进行。今天小编带您拨开合同迷雾，一起聊聊关于不同合同的审查要点有哪些？

As a civil legal act, a contract is the product of the parties' agreement, and it is an agreement in which more than two parties agree. The contract is only legally binding if the intention made by the parties is legal. In our daily life, the transaction of chai rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar tea is inseparable from the contract. In addition, there are people who are more familiar with it, that is, buying a house, buying a car, renting a house, etc. It can be said that in our daily life Contracts are indispensable everywhere, and the importance of contracts is self-evident. Of course, a good contract can not only effectively protect yourself and protect your legal rights from infringement, but also restrict dishonesty, so that the whole society The transaction was conducted fairly and with integrity. Today, the editor will take you through the mist of the contract and talk about the main points of the review of different contracts.

（一）合同效力问题

1、《合同法》第五十二条规定了合同无效的五种情形，即一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立的合同，损害国家利益的;恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的;以合法形式掩盖非法目的;损害社会公共利益的;及违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的。

2、注意审查合同的主体。主体的行为能力可以决定合同的效力。对于特殊行业的主体，要审查其是否具有从事合同项下行为的资格，如果合同主体不具有法律、行政法规规定的资格的，可能导致合同无效，因此对主体的审查也是合同审查的重点。

3、对于无权代理、无权处分的主体签订的合同，应当在审查意见中明确可能导致合同被变更、被撤销的法律后果。

因此，在审查合同时，应认真分析合同所涉及的法律关系，判断是否存在导致合同被认定为无效的情形，并认真分析合同无效情况下产生的法律后果。   

(1) The validity of the contract

1. Article 52 of the Contract Law stipulates five situations in which a contract is invalid, that is, a contract concluded by a party by fraud or coercion that harms the national interest; malicious collusion that harms the interests of the state, the collective, or a third party ; Covering illegal purposes in a legal form; harming the public interest; and violating the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations.

2. Pay attention to the subject of the review contract. The ability of the subject to determine the effectiveness of the contract. For entities in special industries, it is necessary to check whether they are qualified to engage in acts under the contract. If the contract entity does not have the qualifications stipulated by laws and administrative regulations, the contract may be invalidated. Therefore, the review of the entity is also the focus of the contract review.

3. For the contract signed by the main body without authority or disposition, the legal consequences that may cause the contract to be changed or cancelled should be clearly stated in the review opinions.

Therefore, when reviewing a contract, you should carefully analyze the legal relationship involved in the contract, determine whether there is a situation that causes the contract to be deemed invalid, and carefully analyze the legal consequences arising from the invalid contract.

（二）合同的终止和解除   

合同的终止和解除是两个并不完全等同的法律概念，合同解除是合同终止的情形之一。合同终止是指合同权利义务的终止，其法律后果只发生一个向后的效力，即合同不再履行。《合同法》第九十一条规定了合同终止的若干情况：债务已经按照约定履行；合同解除；债务相互抵销；债务人依法将标的物提存；债权人免除债务；债权债务同归于一人；法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。对于合同的解除，《合同法》的九十三条规定了当事人双方可以在合同中约定解除合同的条件，这些条件的设置往往与一方违约相联系，这是在合同审查时需注意的问题。第九十四条明确规定合同的法定解除情形，因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；法律规定的其他情形。所谓的法定解除，是指合同生效后，没有履行或者未履行完毕前，当事人在法律规定的解除条件出现时，行使解除权而使合同关系消灭。

（三）合同的争议解决条款

主要涉及仲裁条款的效力问题。目前对于约定两个仲裁机构的已被认定为有效的仲裁条款。《最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国仲裁法》若干问题的解释》第五条规定:仲裁协议约定两个以上仲裁机构的，当事人可以协议选择其中的一个仲裁机构申请仲裁;当事人不能就仲裁机构选择达成一致的，属于约定仲裁委员会不明，仲裁协议无效。故约定仲裁的应当写明仲裁机构的名称、仲裁事项。对于诉讼的条款，应注意审查选择的法院是否有利。

(2) Termination and termination of the contract

The termination and termination of the contract are two not identical legal concepts, and the termination of the contract is one of the circumstances in which the contract is terminated. Contract termination refers to the termination of contract rights and obligations, and its legal consequences only have a backward effect, that is, the contract is no longer performed. Article 91 of the "Contract Law" stipulates certain conditions for the termination of the contract: the debt has been fulfilled in accordance with the agreement; the contract is cancelled; the debts are offset against each other; the debtor deposits the subject matter according to law; the creditor is exempted from the debt; the creditor’s debt is attributed to one person; the law provides Or other circumstances that the parties agreed to terminate. Regarding the termination of the contract, Article 93 of the Contract Law stipulates that the parties can stipulate the conditions for the termination of the contract in the contract. The setting of these conditions is often associated with the breach of the contract by one party. This is a problem that needs to be paid attention to when reviewing the contract. Article 94 clearly stipulates the statutory termination of the contract, and the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved due to force majeure; before the expiration of the performance period, one of the parties expressly expresses or fails to perform the main debt by its own actions; It has not been performed within a reasonable period of time afterwards; one party's delay in the performance of the debt or other breach of contract has rendered it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract; other circumstances prescribed by law. The so-called statutory termination means that after the contract comes into effect, before the performance or the completion of the performance, the parties exercise the power of cancellation to destroy the contractual relationship when the conditions for cancellation prescribed by law appear.

(3) The dispute settlement clause of the contract

It mainly concerns the validity of arbitration clauses. At present, the arbitration clauses that have been agreed upon by the two arbitration institutions have been deemed valid. Article 5 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China stipulates: If the arbitration agreement stipulates more than two arbitration institutions, the parties may agree to choose one of the arbitration institutions to apply for arbitration; Those who choose to reach an agreement belong to the agreement that the arbitration committee is unknown and the arbitration agreement is invalid. Therefore, those who agreed to arbitration should state the name of the arbitration institution and the arbitration matters. With regard to the terms of litigation, attention should be paid to review whether the court chosen is advantageous.

（四）违约责任以及赔偿条款

有关违约责任及赔偿并不一定仅出现在索赔和违约责任这一专章条款中，可能散见在各个条款中，因此在审查违约责任时应注意前述各条款的内容中是否存在出现违约的情形，如果在相关各方义务的条款(如保密条款)中没有约定违约责任，则应在违约责任专章中有所约定。对于违约责任部分，可以列一个帽子条款，将各种违约情形笼统的约定在一个条款中，如：任何乙方违反本合同中的承诺、保证及本合同约定的义务，应向守约方支付违约金并赔偿守约方因此而遭受的损失。

小编提醒：合同的审查是一项对审查者的要求较为全面的工作，不但要有扎实的法律基础，还要熟悉企业管理、经济运行的相关知识，当然一切的经验都需要慢慢累积的过程，边学边审，将知识和实践结合起来，很快就能形成自己审查合同的技巧和方法。

(4) Liability for breach of contract and terms of compensation

The liability and compensation for breach of contract do not necessarily appear only in the articles of the special chapter on claims and liability for breach of contract, and may be scattered in various articles. Therefore, when reviewing the liability for breach of contract, you should pay attention to whether there is a breach of contract in the content of the foregoing articles If the liability for breach of contract is not stipulated in the clauses of the obligations of the relevant parties (such as confidentiality clauses), it should be stipulated in the special chapter on liability for breach of contract. For the liability for breach of contract, a hat clause can be listed, and various breaches of the contract can be generally stipulated in a clause, such as: Any party B who violates the commitments, guarantees and obligations stipulated in this contract shall pay the breaching party a breach of contract Jin and compensate the contracting party for the losses suffered as a result.

Editor’s note: Contract review is a more comprehensive job that requires the reviewer. Not only must it have a solid legal foundation, but also be familiar with the relevant knowledge of enterprise management and economic operation. Of course, all experience needs to be slowly accumulated The process, learning while reviewing, combines knowledge and practice, and quickly develops your own skills and methods for reviewing contracts.