【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百二十六）┃ 关于遗产继承中的法律问题（一）

这次直播，简单概述了关于继承中的法律问题，内容主要是法定继承和遗嘱继承，中间穿插了关于亲属划分的内容。

首先，关于继承顺序。根据《中华人民共和国继承法》第十条之规定：“遗产按照下列顺序继承：第一顺序：配偶、子女、父母。第二顺序：兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母。”以上的父母子女，均包括生父母子女、父母养子女和有抚养关系的继父母子女。因此，继子女继承了继父母遗产的，不影响其继承生父母的遗产。继父母继承了继子女遗产的，也不会影响其继承生子女的遗产。

This live broadcast briefly outlines the legal issues concerning inheritance. The content is mainly statutory inheritance and testamentary inheritance, interspersed with content about the division of relatives.

First, about the order of inheritance. According to Article 10 of the "Inheritance Law of the People's Republic of China": "Inheritance is inherited in the following order: first order: spouse, children, parents. Second order: siblings, grandparents, grandparents." Including birth parents and children, parents adopting children and step-parents who have support relationship. Therefore, if the step-child inherits the inheritance of the step-parent, it does not affect the inheritance of the inherited parent. If a step-parent inherits the inheritance of a step-child, it will not affect the inheritance of his inherited child.

值得注意的是：继承开始后，由第一顺序继承人继承，没有第一顺序继承人继承的，才能由第二顺序继承人继承。也即，有第一顺序继承人的，第二顺序继承人不再继承遗产。

其次，关于分配方式。一般而言，法定继承一般应当均等，除约定不均等外，法律规定有以下几种情形可以不均等分配：1、对生活有特殊困难的缺乏劳动能力的继承人，分配遗产时，应当予以照顾；2、对被继承人尽了主要扶养义务或者与被继承人共同生活的继承人，分配遗产时，可以多分；3、有扶养能力和有扶养条件的继承人，不尽扶养义务的，分配遗产时，应当不分或者少分。

其中第三条，《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行<中华人民共和国继承法>若干问题的意见》33条进行了特别规定：“继承人有扶养能力和扶养条件，愿意尽扶养义务，但被继承人因有固定收入和劳动能力，明确表示不要求其扶养的，分配遗产时，一般不应因此而影响其继承份额。”

而遗嘱继承方面，首先需要明确遗嘱继承的范围。根据《继承法》第十六条之规定：“公民可以立遗嘱将个人财产指定由法定继承人的一人或者数人继承。”由此可见，仅有法定继承人能够以“继承”的方式取得遗产。

其次，遗嘱的法定形式分为以下五种：公证遗嘱：需由遗嘱人经公证机关办理；自书遗嘱：要求由遗嘱人亲笔书写，签名，注明年、月、日；代书遗嘱：应当有两个以上见证人在场见证，由其中一人代书，注明年、月、日，并由代书人、其他见证人和遗嘱人签名；以录音形式立的遗嘱：应当有两个以上见证人在场见证；在危机情况下的口头遗嘱：应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。危急情况解除后，遗嘱人能够用书面或者录音形式立遗嘱的，所立的口头遗嘱无效。

It is worth noting that: after the start of inheritance, the first-order heirs inherited, and only those without the first-order heirs can be inherited by the second-order heirs. That is, if there is a first-order heir, the second-order heir will no longer inherit the inheritance.

Secondly, on the distribution method. Generally speaking, legal inheritance should be equal. In addition to the unequal stipulations, the law provides that the following situations can be unequally distributed: 1. Heirs who have special difficulties in life and lack the ability to work should be taken care of when assigning inheritance; 2. For heirs who have fulfilled their main maintenance obligations or live together with the heirs, they can have more points when distributing the inheritance; 3. If the heirs who have the ability to support and have the support conditions do not fulfill the maintenance obligations, they should not Points or less points.

Article 3 of them, Article 33 of the "Supreme People's Court's Opinions on the Implementation of Several Issues of the "Inheritance Law of the People's Republic of China"" specifically stipulates: "Heirs have the ability and conditions to support, and are willing to fulfill their support obligations. If the fixed income and labor capacity clearly indicate that they are not required to be supported, the inheritance share should generally not be affected when the estate is allocated."

With regard to testamentary succession, first of all, the scope of testamentary succession needs to be clarified. According to Article 16 of the "Inheritance Law": "Citizens can make a will to appoint personal property to be inherited by one or several persons of the legal heir." From this, it can be seen that only the legal heir can obtain inheritance by "inheritance".

Secondly, the legal form of the will is divided into the following five types: notarized will: to be handled by the testator through a notary office; self-written will: to be written and signed by the testator, indicating the year, month, and day; There are more than two witnesses present at the scene, and one of them writes the letter, indicating the year, month, and day, and is signed by the scribble, other witnesses, and testator; the testament in the form of recording: there should be more than two witnesses Witnesses are present; verbal wills in crisis situations: There should be more than two witnesses present. After the emergency situation is lifted, if the testator can make the will in written or audio recording, the verbal will will be invalid.

以上五种形式中除自书与公证外，都需要“见证人”的参与，因此法律中对于“见证人”的选择有一定限制，即下列人员不能作为遗嘱见证人：无行为能力人、限制行为能力人；继承人、受遗赠人；继承人、受遗赠人有利害关系的人。

遗嘱形式多种多样，若遗嘱人以不同形式立有数份内容相抵触的遗嘱，其中有公证遗嘱的，以最后所立公证遗嘱为准；没有公证遗嘱的，以最后所立的遗嘱为准。

2、遗嘱无效的情形：（1）遗嘱人立遗嘱时为无行为能力人或者限制行为能力人的，所立的遗嘱无效；（2）遗嘱必须表示遗嘱人的真实意思，受胁迫、欺骗所立的遗嘱无效；（3）伪造的遗嘱无效；（4）遗嘱被篡改的，篡改的内容无效。

综上所述，这就是继承中关于法定继承和遗嘱继承的基本内容，下次我会继续和大家分享关于遗赠和遗赠扶养协议的内容。

In addition to self-documentation and notarization, all of the above five forms require the participation of "witnesses". Therefore, there are certain restrictions on the choice of "witnesses" in the law, that is, the following persons cannot be testament witnesses: incapacitated persons, restrictions Persons with capacity for success; heirs and bequests; persons who are interested in the heirs and bequests.

There are many forms of wills. If the testator has several wills with conflicting contents in different forms, if there is a notarized will, the last notarized will will prevail; if there is no notarized will, the last will will prevail.

2. Invalid wills: (1) If the testator is incapacitated or has limited capacity when making the will, the will will be invalid; (2) The will must show the true will of the testator and is subject to coercion or deception The will made is invalid; (3) The forged will is invalid; (4) If the will is tampered with, the tampered content is invalid.

In summary, this is the basic content of statutory inheritance and testamental inheritance in inheritance. Next time, I will continue to share with you the content of the bequest and bequest support agreement.