【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（六十九）|公司的股东代表诉讼制度

2020年因为一场突如其来的疫情，导致很多企业的发展举步维艰，企业内部的问题也是层出不穷。在此情形下，企业中的小股东如何利用有限的股权，维护企业的合法权益？当企业的控股股东损害公司权益时，又如何通过法律维持公司的发展呢？

In 2020, due to a sudden outbreak of epidemic, the development of many enterprises is struggling, and internal problems are also emerging in an endless stream. In this case, how can the minority shareholders in the enterprise use the limited equity to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the enterprise? When the controlling shareholder of the enterprise damages the rights and interests of the company, how to maintain the development of the company through the law?

股东代表诉讼指的是什么呢？指当公司的利益受到侵害而公司怠于起诉，或者说公司的决策者拒绝以公司名义起诉时，公司股东以自己的名义起诉，所得赔偿归于公司的一种诉讼。或者也可以说是当公司的正当权益受到他人侵害，特别是受到公司控股股东或者实际控制人、公司董事和高级管理人员等的侵害，而公司怠于行驶诉讼权利时，符合法定条件的股东以自己的名义为公司的利益对侵权人提起诉讼，请求返还公司利益，并追究相关人员法律责任的诉讼制度。

What does a shareholder's representative suit mean? A lawsuit in which a company's shareholders Sue in their own name for compensation to the company when the company's interests are infringed upon and the company refuses to Sue, or when the company's decision makers refuse to Sue in the company's name. Or it can be said to be as the company's legitimate rights and interests by others, especially with the company controlling shareholders or actual controllers, directors and senior management personnel, and the company delayed in driving the litigation rights, comply with the statutory conditions of shareholders in its own name for the company's lawsuit against the infringer, request return the company's interests, and shall be investigated for legal responsibility of related personnel litigation system.

股东代表诉讼主要是中小股东为维护公司利益的司法救济手段。公司的权力机关是公司的股东大会，但是根据《公司法》的规定，股东大会的形成决议是采取资本多数决的方式，在控股股东或者代表其利益的董事侵害公司利益时，股东会或者股东大会是很难形成追究董事责任的决议，在此情形下，中小部分股东可以代表处于相同地位的其他股东行使诉权，提起诉讼来维护公司的利益，挽回公司的损失。所以股东代表诉讼是当公司利益可能受到损害，但公司怠于行使诉权时，赋予与损害没有直接利害关系的公司起诉权，由股东行使公司的诉讼权利。

Shareholder's representative litigation is mainly a means of judicial relief for minority shareholders to safeguard the interests of the company. The company's organ of authority is the general meeting of shareholders of the company, but according to the regulation of the company law, the formation of the shareholders meeting resolution is adopt the method of capital majority, the controlling shareholders or directors representing their interests violate the interests of the company, the shareholder meeting is difficult to form the resolution of the directors liability shall be pursued, in this case, part of small and medium-sized shareholders may exercise their litigation on behalf of the other shareholders in the same position, filed a lawsuit to safeguard the interests of the company, save the loss of the company. So shareholder representative litigation is when the interests of the company may be damaged, but the company is idle in the exercise of the right to Sue, and the damage has no direct interest in the company's litigation right, by the shareholders to exercise the rights of the company.

通过以上，我们可以看出，股东提起代表诉讼的原因主要有两个：1.公司利益受到损害时，公司怠于行使诉权；当董事和高级管理人员或者控股股东在公司的行为涉及其自身利益，而他们又利用控制公司的权力，放弃公司利益时，允许股东提起代表诉讼，主张返还董事等高级管理人员或者控股公司所放弃的公司利益及追究董事、高级管理人员和控股股东的责任；2.公司利益受到侵害是因为公司的控股股东、董事、高级管理人员的作为或不作为或第三人侵犯公司利益。即公司董事、监事、经理等高级管理人员违反《公司法》规定的义务，或者控股股东、公司实际控制人利用其控制地位，损害公司利益，致使公司遭受损失，第三人侵害公司的利益。

From the above, we can see that there are two main reasons for shareholders to file a representative lawsuit: 1. When the directors and senior management personnel or the controlling shareholder in the company's action involves its own interests, and they use the power of the control of the company, to abandon the interests of the company, allows the shareholder representative litigation, return claims directors and senior management personnel or holding company to give up the company's interests and to pursue the responsibility of the directors, senior managers and controlling shareholders; 2. The infringement of the company's interests is caused by the ACTS or omissions of the company's controlling shareholders, directors and senior managers or the infringement of the company's interests by a third party. In other words, the company's directors, supervisors, managers and other senior management personnel violate the obligations stipulated in the company law, or the controlling shareholder or the actual controller of the company damages the interests of the company by taking advantage of their control status, causing the company to suffer losses and the interests of the third party.

根据《公司法》第四十六条、第四十九条、第五十三条中规定的董事、经理、监事的职责，公司法第一百四十八条与第一百四十九条以及第一百五十一条等规定，当公司利益受到损害，其侵害来源于公司大股东、实际控制人或者董事、高级管理人员等，公司被侵权人控制，公司怠于行使诉权的，公司股东即可提起股东代表诉讼的程序，维护公司的利益。

According to article 46 of the "company law", article 49, stipulated in article 53 of the duties of directors, managers, supervisors, company law article one hundred and forty-eight and article one hundred and forty-nine and article one hundred and fifty-one, when the company interests are damaged, the violation is derived from the company's major shareholders, actual controllers or director, senior management personnel, etc., the company controlled by the infringer, company delayed in exercising his right to appeal, the company shareholders can Sue shareholders representative litigation procedure, safeguard the interests of the company.