【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（四十八）|旅游过程中人身伤害法律问题

在旅游过程中，对旅游过程中发生人身损害时，一般会出现救助、医疗、看望、照顾等一系列行为，从而产生赔偿费用，那么对于这些费用，应当由谁承担赔偿责任呢？

In the process of tourism, when personal injury occurs in the process of tourism, generally there will be a series of ACTS such as rescue, medical treatment, visit, care, and so on, resulting in compensation costs, so for these costs, who should bear the liability for compensation?

人身损害赔偿，是指民事主体的生命权、健康权、身体权受到不法侵害，造成伤、残、死亡及其他损害，要求侵权人以财产赔偿等方法进行救济和保护的侵权法律制度。旅行社组织旅游，应当为旅游者办理旅游意外保险，并保证所提供的服务符合保障旅游者人身、财物安全的要求;对可能危及旅游者人身、财物安全的事宜，应当向旅游者作出真实的说明和明确的警示，并采取防止危害发生的措施。

Compensation for personal injury refers to the tort legal system in which the right to life, health and body of a civil subject is wrongfully infringed upon, resulting in injury, disability, death and other damage, and the infringer is required to remedy and protect by means of property compensation. When organizing Tours, travel agencies shall provide tourists with insurance against travel accidents and ensure that the services provided meet the requirements of safeguarding the safety of tourists' lives and property. With respect to matters that may endanger the safety of the person or property of the tourists, they shall give true explanations and clear warnings to the tourists and take measures to prevent the occurrence of such hazards.

大部分情况下，参加旅游活动的人都是团队旅游，团队旅游是有旅行社或旅游中介机构将购买同一旅游路线或旅游项目的多名游客组成旅游团队进行集体活动的旅游形式。当然还有自由行旅游，即旅行社只提供酒店、交通，最多再安排少量的旅游地点或者游玩项目。另外，随着网络发展出现的一种旅游模式即是互助旅游，在网络平台找寻志同道合的伙伴，走向现实世界，大家一起旅行。人们也可以不经过旅行社，完全由自己安排旅游行程，按个人意愿进行活动的旅游形式。

Most of the time, people who participate in travel activities are group tourists. Group tourism is a form of group tourism in which a travel agency or travel agency will purchase the same tour route or tour item. Of course, there is free travel travel, that is, travel agencies only provide hotels, transportation, at most a small number of places or travel arrangements. In addition, with the development of the Internet, a tourism mode is mutual aid tourism, which is to find like-minded partners on the online platform and travel to the real world. People can also not through the travel agency, completely by their own arrangements for the travel itinerary, according to the individual will travel in the form of activities.

团队旅游、自由行一般多由旅行社、旅游公司、户外公司等进行，上述组织者会将行程安排、酒店、交通、风险、保险等等问题全部准备得到，收取旅游费用，并从旅游费用中进行盈利。

Group travel and free travel are generally carried out by travel agencies, travel companies, outdoor companies, etc. The above organizers will arrange the itinerary, hotels, transportation, risks, insurance and other issues all prepared, collect travel fees, and make profits from the travel fees.

互助游多是由自然人或者户外俱乐部发起，以平等、公平、自由等为原则，参加活动者分摊旅游中费用，无人进行盈利。

Mutual aid Tours are mostly launched by natural persons or outdoor clubs, with the principle of equality, fairness, freedom, etc., participants in the activities to share the costs of the tour, no one to profit.

对于第一种情形，旅游者在旅游过程中发生意外伤害的，仍属于旅游纠纷，根据最高人民法院《关于审理旅游纠纷适用法律若干问题的规定》，旅游经营者、旅游辅助服务者未尽到安全保障义务，造成旅游者人身损害、财产损失，旅游者请求旅游经营者、旅游辅助服务者承担责任的，人民法院应予支持。因第三人的行为造成旅游者人身损害、财产损失，由第三人承担责任；旅游经营者、旅游辅助服务者未尽安全保障义务，旅游者请求其承担相应补充责任的，人民法院应予支持。其中“旅游经营者”是指以自己的名义经营旅游业务，向公众提供旅游服务的人。“旅游辅助服务者”是指与旅游经营者存在合同关系，协助旅游经营者履行旅游合同义务，实际提供交通、游览、住宿、餐饮、娱乐等旅游服务的人。所以，在旅游过程中，如旅行社、旅游公司、户外公司或其合作的交通、游览、住宿等提供服务的人及公司，未尽到安全保障义务的，就应该承担赔偿责任。

For the first case, tourists from accidental injury during the process of tourism, still belongs to the tourism disputes, according to the Supreme People's Court hearing of tourism disputes concerning the provisions on some issues of applicable law, tour operators, tourist auxiliary server did not fulfill the duty security, personal injury, property damage caused by the tourists, the tourists request tour operators, tourist auxiliary service responsibility, the people's court shall support. The third party shall be liable for the personal injury and property loss caused by the behavior of a third party; Where a tourist operator or tourist auxiliary service provider fails to fulfill the obligation of safety protection and the tourist requests the tourist to assume the corresponding supplementary responsibility, the people's court shall support the request. Among them, "tour operator" refers to a person who conducts tourism business in his own name and provides tourism services to the public. "Tourism auxiliary service provider" refers to the person who has a contractual relationship with the tourism operator, assists the tourism operator in fulfilling the obligations of the tourism contract, and actually provides tourism services such as transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, catering and entertainment. Therefore, in the process of tourism, such as travel agencies, travel companies, outdoor companies or its cooperation in the transportation, sightseeing, accommodation and other providers of services and companies, did not meet the security obligations, should bear the liability for compensation.

对于第二种情形，发起活动的个人或者户外俱乐部作为组织者，但并未进行盈利，参加者自由结合、自愿参加，由一个或数个组织者负责安排路线、行程等事宜，组织者也是活动的参加者，对其他参加者没有绝对的管理权，活动费用由参加者平均负担，活动不具有营利性质。因而，该类活动的组织者应当承担的责任不同于商业性营利活动的组织者，如直接适用最高人民法院《关于审理旅游纠纷适用法律若干问题的规定》明显不妥，但是可以根据《侵权责任法》 违反安全保障义务的侵权责任的规定：宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所的管理人或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。 因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；管理人或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。按照该规定，组织者对于群众性的活动，也应当承担安全保障义务，但是组织者所应当尽到的安全保障义务较轻，并且只应当承担过错责任。在过错的认定上，也应当结合客观实际情况进行判断。因为在复杂的自然环境中，不能要求组织者的每一个决定都是正确的，只要不是明显的、重大的错误，就不应当要求其承担责任。

For the second case, launched a campaign of personal or outdoor club as the organizer, but not for profit, participants free combination, voluntary participation and by one or several responsible for arranging the route, matters such as stroke, the organizer was also a participant in the activity, no absolute power to other participants, activity costs shall be borne by the participants, on average, activity is in the nature of profit. Therefore, the activities of the organizers should bear the responsibility is different from the organizer of commercial profit-making activities, such as directly apply to the Supreme People's Court on some issues of applicable law to the hearing of tourism disputes provisions clearly wrong, but can according to the tort liability act in violation of the provisions of the security obligation of tort liability: hotels, shopping malls, Banks, railway stations, entertainment venues and other public places of the administrator or mass activity organizers, did not fulfill the duty security, causes damage to others, shall bear tort liability. If the act of a third party causes damage to another, the third party shall bear the tort liability; If the administrator or the organizer fails to fulfill the security obligation, it shall assume the corresponding supplementary responsibility. According to this regulation, the organizer should also assume the security obligation for mass activities, but the security obligation that the organizer should fulfill is lighter, and only the fault liability should be borne. In the determination of fault, we should also combine the objective actual situation to judge. Because in the complex natural environment, the organizer cannot be expected to be right in every decision, as long as it is not obvious, major mistake, should not be held responsible.