【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（二十）|解读《关于依法惩治妨害新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情防控违法犯罪的意见》

2020年2月10日，国家最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部四部门联合发布了《关于依法惩治妨害新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情防控违法犯罪的意见》（以下简称“意见”），以规范疫情防控期间法律措施的实施和法律条文的适用。该意见主要针对新冠病毒被确定为乙类传染病进行甲类管控期间，各地发生的违法犯罪行为。截至2020年2月18日，全国检察机关共介入侦查引导取证涉疫情刑事犯罪2692件3722人；受理审查逮捕603件729人，审查批准逮捕498件598人；受理审查起诉323件409人，审查提起公诉238件290人。

On February 10, 2020, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the "Opinions on Punishing Illegal Crimes Impairing the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Infection in Novel Coronavirus" (hereinafter referred to as the "Opinions") to regulate the implementation of legal measures and the application of legal provisions during the prevention and control of the epidemic. This opinion is mainly aimed at the illegal and criminal acts that occurred in various places during the period when Novel Coronavirus was identified as Class B infectious diseases and Class a control was carried out. As of February 18, 2020, procuratorial organs across the country had intervened in the investigation and led to the collection of 2,692 cases of criminal crimes involving the epidemic and 3,722 people. Accepting 603 cases of 729 arrests and 498 cases of 598 arrests; 323 cases and 409 people were examined and prosecuted, 238 cases and 290 people were examined and prosecuted.

从最高检发布的数字即可看出，疫情发生以来，之所以我们众多百姓能够安心在家中隔离，是因为一线的民警、护士等工作人员一直在维护着我们的安宁和平。

From the figures released by the Supreme People's Procuratorate, it can be seen that since the outbreak of the epidemic, the reason why many of our people have been able to be isolated at home is that frontline police, nurses and other staff have been maintaining our peace.

《意见》内容共分为三部分：第一部分是意见对疫情防控期间的重大意义；第二部分是关于疫情期间各类违法犯罪行为如何准确适用法律；第三部分是关于疫情防控期间对于办案具体提出的五点要求。三个部分内容对疫情期间违法犯罪行为的处置提出了较为明确的指导意见，这为司法机关办案提供了更完善的法律支持，同时也为提高疫情期间的办案效率提供了支持。对于疫情期间比较常见的几类犯罪类型，刘律师为大家做出如下解读：

The contents of the Opinions are divided into three parts: the first part is the great significance of the Opinions to the epidemic prevention and control period; The second part is about how to accurately apply the law to all kinds of illegal and criminal acts during the epidemic. The third part is about the five specific requirements for handling cases during the epidemic prevention and control period. The three parts provide relatively clear guidance on the handling of illegal and criminal acts during the epidemic, which provides more perfect legal support for judicial organs to handle cases, and also provides support for improving the handling efficiency during the epidemic. For several common types of crimes during the epidemic, Lawyer Liu made the following interpretation for everyone:

PART1:疫情期间违法传播病毒的，如何准确适用以危险方法危害公共安全罪和妨害传染病防治罪？

我国刑法第一百一十四条、第一百一十五条规定了，以危险方法危害公共安全罪和过失以危险方法危害公共安全罪，但是以危险方法危害公共安全罪是一个概括性罪名，该罪是行为犯罪，只要有危害行为就构罪，所以意见指出对触犯这一罪名的犯罪分子应当从严惩治。但是还有一种行为是因为过失造成的，也就是过失以危险方法危害公共安全罪，这类犯罪一般是概括性犯罪的结果犯，但是同时，在具体的法律适用中，还有一个与之相对应的特殊罪名——妨害传染病防治罪。以危险方法危害公共安全罪和妨害传染病防治罪是重罪与轻罪、一般罪名与特殊罪名的关系，所以，违反本意见中关于疫情防范相关规定的，并且具有主观恶意的，发生传播病毒行为的，应当按照前者重罪来惩治；如果是一般性的违反刑法第三百三十条妨害传染病防治罪的具体规定的，就按照妨害传染病防治罪来惩治。

Articles 114 and 115 of the Criminal Law of our country stipulate that, The crime of endangering public security by dangerous methods and the crime of endangering public security by negligence by dangerous methods are general crimes, and the crime is an act crime. As long as there are harmful acts, the crime is constituted. Therefore, the opinion points out that the criminals who violate this crime should be severely punished. However, there is another kind of behavior caused by negligence, that is, the crime of negligence endangering public safety by dangerous methods. This kind of crime is generally the consequential crime of general crimes. However, at the same time, in the application of specific laws, there is also a special crime corresponding to it-the crime of impairing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The crime of endangering public safety by dangerous methods and the crime of impairing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are the relationship between felonies and misdemeanors, and between general crimes and special crimes. Therefore, those who violate the relevant provisions on epidemic prevention in this opinion and have subjective malice and spread viruses shall be punished according to the former felonies. If it is a general violation of the specific provisions of Article 330 of the Criminal Law on the crime of impairing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, it shall be punished according to the crime of impairing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

PART2:在疫情防控期间，生产、销售伪劣产品罪、生产、销售不符合标准的医用器材罪，与非法经营犯罪案件是适用条件。

通过最高检最近发布的三批典型案例中可以看出，对于非法生产口罩、酒精的行为人是依照刑法第一百四十条的规定以生产、销售伪劣产品罪定罪处罚的。根据刑法第一百四十五条的规定，生产、销售不符合标准的医用器材罪的犯罪对象是医用器材，包括医疗器械和医用卫生材料。对于没有列入医疗器械目录的其他种类口罩、酒精等物品，则不宜认定为医疗器械。

It can be seen from the three typical cases recently released by the Supreme People's Procuratorate that the perpetrators of illegal production of masks and alcohol are convicted and punished for the crime of producing and selling fake and inferior products in accordance with the provisions of Article 140 of the Criminal Law. According to the provisions of Article 145 of the Criminal Law, the target of the crime of producing and selling medical equipment that does not meet the standards is medical equipment, including medical equipment and medical sanitary materials. Other kinds of masks, alcohol and other items that are not listed in the list of medical devices should not be recognized as medical devices.

需要注意的是，根据刑法和相关司法解释规定，对于个别防护用品是否系医用器材难以认定的，如果掺杂掺假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格产品冒充合格产品，销售金额五万元以上，或者货值金额十五万以上的，可以依照刑法第一百四十条的规定以生产、销售伪劣产品罪定罪处罚；对于高价销售、牟取暴利，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节，严重扰乱市场秩序的，也可以非法经营罪论处。

It should be noted that, according to the provisions of the Criminal Law and relevant judicial interpretations, If it is difficult to determine whether individual protective articles are medical equipment, if they are adulterated, fake, shoddy or substandard products are passed off as qualified products with a sales amount of more than 50,000 yuan or a value of more than 150,000 yuan, they may be convicted and punished for the crime of producing and selling fake and inferior products in accordance with the provisions of Article 140 of the Criminal Law. For high-priced sales, profiteering, large amount of illegal income or other serious circumstances, which seriously disturb the market order, can also be punished as the crime of illegal business operations.

同时，意见中提出在疫情防控期间，违反国家有关市场经营、价格管理等规定，囤积居奇，哄抬疫情防控急需的口罩、护目镜、防护服、消毒液等防护用品、药品或者其他涉及民生的物品价格，牟取暴利，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节，严重扰乱市场秩序的，应当以非法经营罪定罪处罚。

At the same time, the opinions put forward that during the epidemic prevention and control period, In violation of the relevant provisions of the State on market operation and price management, driving up the prices of masks, goggles, protective clothing, disinfectant and other protective articles, drugs or other articles related to people's livelihood urgently needed for epidemic prevention and control, profiteering, large amount of illegal income or other serious circumstances, seriously disrupting the market order, shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business operations.

PART3:在办案中对于行为人传播涉疫情虚假信息后又自行删除的，能否作为犯罪处理？

疫情期间，散布谣言，传播虚假疫情信息的案件不胜枚举，因此被处以行政处罚的，甚至有被以编造、故意传播虚假信息罪定罪处罚的。但是众所周知，在网络信息如此发达的情况下，大家都在线上办公，对于信息的敏感度非常高，也有众多网友是谣言的受害者，所以会有确认消息有误的情况下自行删除的。那么对于改种情形如何界定：

During the epidemic period, there are numerous cases of spreading rumors and spreading false epidemic information. Therefore, those who have been sentenced to administrative punishment have even been convicted and punished for fabricating or intentionally spreading false information. However, as we all know, under the condition that the network information is so developed, everyone works online and has a very high sensitivity to the information. There are also many netizens who are victims of rumors, so they will delete the information themselves when confirming that the information is wrong. Then how to define the situation of replanting:

根据意见中的要求可知，对于此类行为，关键要把握两点：第一是主观是否故意；第二是行为造成社会危害性大小，是否达到严重扰乱社会秩序的程度。如果两点中任意一点都不构成，则不可以按照刑法第二百九十一条之一，以编造、故意传播虚假信息罪定罪处罚。

According to the requirements in the opinions, the key to this kind of behavior is to grasp two points: first, whether the subjective behavior is intentional; The second is whether the social harm caused by the behavior has reached the level of serious disruption of social order. If neither of the two points constitutes, one cannot be convicted and punished for the crime of fabricating or intentionally spreading false information in accordance with Article 291-1 of the Criminal Law.

以上是刘律师对《意见》的部分内容的拙见，《意见》中的所有法律规定的适用都对疫情期间的违法行为与刑法的规定进行匹配，保证违法必究，严格执法，从而保证疫情期间的社会安宁。希望以上的解读可以让大家对依法治国的法有新的认识。

The above is Lawyer Liu's opinion on some contents of the Opinions. The application of all legal provisions in the Opinions matches the illegal acts during the epidemic with the provisions of the Criminal Law to ensure that violators will be prosecuted and strictly enforced, thus ensuring social peace during the epidemic.she hopes the above interpretation can give you a new understanding of the law of ruling the country.

刘一媛律师，毕业于西北政法大学刑事法学院，法学学士，陕西云德律师事务所专职律师，西安市未央区人民法院调解律师。擅长领域：民事类合同纠纷、侵权纠纷，商事类保险纠纷、理赔纠纷、诉讼和非诉争议解决等。咨询电话：15249241508（微信同号）

Liu Yiyuan, lawyer of Shaanxi Yunde Law Firm, MediationLawyer of Weiyang District People's Court of Xi'an, graduated from the CriminalLaw School of the Northwest University of Political Science and Law, bachelorof law. Good at civil contract disputes, tort disputes, commercial insurancedisputes, claims disputes, litigation and non-litigation dispute resolution,etc. Enquiry telephone number: 15249241508 (same as the WeChat).