【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（十二）| “国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）对国际贸易的影响及建议

2020年1月31日，正月初七，对于关心新冠病毒（2019-nCoV）国际形势的读者们，是难眠的一夜，在比原定时间推迟了1个多小时之后，世界卫生组织（WHO）发布第二次声明，将本次事件定性为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）。

On January 31, 2020, the seventh day of the first month, it was a sleepless night for readers concerned about the international situation of the New Coronavirus (2019-ncov). After more than an hour's delay, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a second statement describing the event as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC).

一、定性为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）对我国的影响。

一旦判定某项国际突发事件为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC），将有两个作用：第一，预警作用。警示世界，现如今正在发生一个可能触及全球范围的公共卫生危机。第二，建议作用。根据《国际卫生条例（2005）》，各成员国均负有对“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”作出迅速反应的法律责任。

在这之后，世界卫生组织总干事有权力向其他国家发布建议，比如是否在疫情爆发时关闭边界，是否对疫情爆发国实施旅行和贸易限制。其中，关于经济方面的建议非常重要，因为如果其他国家实施这些限制，就形同于经济制裁。

而本次2019-nCoV（新冠病毒）被定性为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC），对我国将可能会起到正负两个方面的影响：第一，正面影响，由于被国际定性为PHEIC，那么就意味着本次疫情已经上升至国际层面，我国可以从国际层面获得更多的物资及技术支援；第二，负面影响，这也意味着其他国家对于疫情中心国，可以采取某些措施，例如航班缩减或暂停、贸易限制、撤侨等，如美国、日本、法国等已经撤侨，国际各大航空公司也缩减了来往中国的航班。但是，大家也要明白，这种情况并非是宣布了PHEIC才会采取，而是在PHEIC之前已经采取了行动。

当然这些行动也会对中国的经济、外贸，甚至文化、科技等方面的交流产生一定影响，但是，我们必须相信影响是有限的。同时，PHEIC不等于疫区国，但是宣布PHEIC会对疫情发生的国家和地区产生一定的影响，这也是毋庸置疑的。

1. The impact of PHEIC on China.

Once an international emergency is identified as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern"(PHEIC), there are two functions: First, early warning. To warn the world that a public health crisis is taking place that could have global implications. Second, the role of advice. Under the "International Health Regulations (2005)" member states have a legal responsibility to respond promptly to "Public Health Emergency of International Concern"(PHEIC).

After that, the who director-general has the authority to issue recommendations to other countries, such as whether to close borders in the event of an outbreak and whether to impose travel and trade restrictions on affected countries. Among them, the proposals on the economic front were of great importance, since such restrictions would amount to economic sanctions if they were imposed by other states.

The New Coronavirus (2019-ncov) are characterised as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC), will be may have the effects of positive and negative two aspects in China: First, the positive impact, because the international as a PHEIC, then it means that the outbreak has risen to the international level, our country can get more supplies from the international level and technical support; Second, the negative impact, which also means that other countries can take some measures for the countries at the center of the epidemic, such as flight curtailment or suspension, trade restrictions, evacuation of overseas Chinese. For example, the United States, Japan, France and other countries have evacuated overseas Chinese, and major international airlines have also curtailed flights to and from China. However, it is also important to understand that this is not a case where PHEIC is announced, but that action has been taken before PHEIC.

Of course, these actions will also have a certain impact on China's economy, foreign trade, and even cultural, scientific and technological exchanges, but we must believe that the impact is limited. At the same time, PHEIC is not the same as the affected country, but there is no doubt that declaring PHEIC will affect the affected country.

二、“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）对国际贸易的影响

各国在突发公共卫生事件应对中，除采取针对人员的控制措施外，还对出入境货物、交通工具等也采取卫生控制措施，甚至是跨境旅行者都采取了一定的控制措施，对外贸经济产生了一定的影响。

1、“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）——“非典”对我国对外贸易的影响

经历过2003年“非典”的朋友们，应该都知道“非典”对我国对外贸易影响十分巨大，北京、广州等疫情较重地区的一些外贸公司的对外贸易活动基本全部中断，据估计，“非典”期间外贸收入减少约200 亿美元，外商来华投资减少或计划推迟。2003年5月，我国外资合同金额较之2003年前四个月约下降 32%。

2、“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）——“日本核泄漏事件”对日本对外贸易的影响

2011年，受日本大地震引发核泄漏事故影响，渔业大国日本及韩国遭遇重创，中国水海产品替代效应明显。据统计， 2011年3月份，我国水产品出口额同比增长率超过60％。而原因就在于日本核泄漏事故导致日本渔业不能正常运行且波及附近的韩国，同时使其他国家对我国的水产品进口需求增加。据统计，2011年3月份我国水产品对日、美、欧、韩等国家出口额分别增长约46.8％、42.5％、77.3％、60.2％。

3、“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）——“新冠疫情”对我国对外贸易可能产生的影响

新冠病毒自爆发至今已一月有余，目前增速明显减缓，抗疫情措施还是有效的，但是据笔者了解，由于目前很多国家限制持我国护照公民入境，或者采取撤侨措施，同时很多航空公司采取停飞、减飞等情况，涉外公司货物运输受限且商旅活动基本暂停，同时随着“一带一路”政策的开放，2020年的涉外业务是远远超过2003年“非典”时期的，所以本次涉外公司必然会遭受比2003年更严重的创伤。

2.Impact of "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) on international trade

In the response to public health emergencies, countries not only take control measures for personnel, but also take health control measures for entry and exit goods and means of transportation. Even cross-border travelers have taken some control measures, which have had a certain impact on foreign trade economy.

1. "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) --the impact of SARS on China's Foreign Trade

Experienced in 2003 "SARS" , should know that the SARS impact on foreign trade of our country is very big, Beijing, Guangzhou and other heavy epidemic areas of some foreign trade company of foreign trade activity is virtually all interrupt, it is estimated that during the period of "SARS" foreign trade revenue of about $20 billion, the foreign investment in China to reduce or delay. In May 2003, the contract value of foreign investment in China dropped by 32% compared with the first four months of 2003.

2. "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) -- the impact of "Japan nuclear leakage incident" on Japan's Foreign Trade

In 2011, Japan and South Korea, two major fishing countries, were hit hard by the nuclear accident caused by the Japanese earthquake. According to statistics, in March 2011, the year-on-year growth rate of China's aquatic product export exceeded 60%. The reason is that the nuclear accident in Japan has caused the Japanese fishing industry to be unable to operate normally and affected the nearby South Korea, meanwhile, other countries have increased the demand for China's aquatic products imports. According to statistics, in March 2011, China's exports of aquatic products to Japan, the United States, Europe and South Korea increased by about 46.8%, 42.5%, 77.3% and 60.2%, respectively.

3. "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) -the possible impact of "new crown epidemic" on China's foreign trade

New virus has been in since the outbreak, the current growth slows significantly, anti epidemic measures are effective, but according to the author, with many countries restrict our country passport citizens entering, or evacuation measures, at the same time, many airlines take grounded, reduction, etc., international cargo transport company limited and basic suspend business activities, at the same time with the opening up of the "neighbour, hood" policy, the foreign-related business in 2020 is far more than 2003 "SARS" period, so the foreign company will inevitably suffer from more than 2003 serious trauma.

三、关于“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）的建议

1、对政府有关部门的建议

1）进一步完善我国的法律法规

结合“非典”、“汶川地震”、“新冠疫情”等“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC），分析研究我国现行相关法律法规的缺失，结合《国际卫生条例(2005)》(International Health Regulations，IHR)的最新要求，参考国外相关法律法规，对我国现行涉及“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）的法律法规进行修订、完善、细化和拓展，构建符合并全方位覆盖的国际突发公共卫生事件评估、预防、预警、处置、救援等一系列工作。

2）建立和完善应对“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”（PHEIC）的预警与快速反应体系

加强突发公共卫生事件预警工作，一旦发现对我国外贸影响有重大影响的突发公共卫生事件信息，及时进行信息核实，并及时落实至责任人及责任部门，并对可能对我国遭受外贸产业等全面进行评估，做出影响的分析结论，必要时发布预警通报。

2、对企业的建议

据笔者了解目前很多省市均已发布意见或通知，对“新冠病毒”疫情防控期间促进经济平稳健康发展出台了相关政策，帮助各类企业尽快恢复生产，发展经济。建议各位企业家可及时联系政府相关部门或者律师为您申请相关政府补贴政策，将“新冠病毒”疫情对企业的损失降到最低，尽快科学有序完成复工、复产。

3.Recommendations on "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC)

1. Suggestions to relevant government departments

1) Further improve China's laws and regulations

"SARS", "Wenchuan earthquake", "The New Coronavirus (2019-ncov)", "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" , analyzing the current lack of relevant laws and Regulations, combined with the International Health Regulations (2005) (International Health Regulations, IHR) the latest requirements, reference the foreign related laws and Regulations, to our country current involved"Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) revised laws and Regulations, perfect, elaboration and development, We will build a comprehensive and comprehensive international public health emergency assessment, prevention, early warning, response and rescue system.

2) Establish and improve the early warning and rapid response system for "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC)

Strengthening public health emergency early warning work, once found that the impact on foreign trade of our country have a significant impact on public health emergency information, to verify the information in time, and implement to responsibility and the responsibility department in time, and may be to our country from foreign trade industry such as comprehensive evaluation, make the impact analysis, warning when necessary.

2. Suggestions for enterprises

According to the author's knowledge, many provinces and cities have issued opinions or notices to promote the stable and healthy economic development during the prevention and control of the "New Coronavirus" epidemic, and issued relevant policies to help various enterprises to resume production as soon as possible and develop the economy. It is suggested that all entrepreneurs can contact relevant government departments or lawyers in time to apply for relevant government subsidy policies for you, so as to minimize the loss of the "New Coronavirus" epidemic to enterprises, and resume work and production in a scientific and orderly manner as soon as possible.