【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百八十九）┃《民法典》之侵权责任编修改亮点有哪些

《中华人民共和国民法典》于2021年1月1日开始实施，“一法出九法废”，《民法典》的颁布实施具有的重大意义。现就《民法典》侵权责任编的内容，相对于之前的《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》也有很大的改变，有新增和删减、修改的，以下是小编将侵权责任编亮点和变化进行给大家进行剖析和解读，使大家认识新的法律规定。

The "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" came into effect on January 1, 2021. "One law has nine laws abolished." The promulgation and implementation of the "Civil Code" is of great significance. The content of the "Civil Code" tort liability has also been greatly changed compared to the previous "PRC Tort Liability Law". There are additions, deletions, and amendments. The following is the highlights and Changes are carried out for everyone to analyze and interpret, so that everyone can understand the new legal regulations.

侵权责任的保护范围的变化

《侵权责任法》第2条具体列举了民事权益的内容，包括：包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。而《民法典》第1164条中将民事权益进行了概括式的规定，即本编调整因侵害民事权益产生的民事关系。”

民法典增加了规定“造成损害的”，即按照第1165条承担过错责任或无过错责任原则确定侵权责任，必须要有实际的损害。在侵权责任的构成方面《民法典》第一千一百六十五条、第一千一百六十六条对于侵权行为的损害结果要件进行了完善，由“侵害民事权益”变为“侵害民事权益造成损害的”。

Changes in the scope of protection of tort liability

Article 2 of the Tort Liability Law specifically enumerates the content of civil rights, including: rights to life, health rights, name rights, reputation rights, honor rights, portrait rights, privacy rights, marriage autonomy, guardianship, ownership, and usufruct Personal and property rights such as property rights, security rights, copyrights, patent rights, trademark exclusive rights, discovery rights, equity, inheritance rights, etc. However, Article 1164 of the "Civil Code" provides general provisions for civil rights and interests, that is, this chapter adjusts the civil relations arising from the infringement of civil rights and interests. "

The Civil Code added a provision "causing damage", that is, to determine tort liability in accordance with the principle of liability for fault or no-fault liability in Article 1165, there must be actual damage. In terms of the constitution of tort liability, Article 1165 and Article 1166 of the Civil Code have improved the requirements of the damage result of the tort, changing from "infringement of civil rights" to "infringement". Civil rights and interests cause damage".

《侵权责任法》第26条以及《民法典》第1173条，民法典强调“同一”损害，行为人与被侵权人的行为指向同一损害，即两者的行为与该损害结果均有因果关系。民法典增加过失相抵规则适用范围，除了适用于损害的发生外，也适用于损害的扩大，即被侵权人对损害的扩大有过错时也适用过失相抵。

《侵权责任法》对自甘风险原则没有规定。而民法典确立的自甘冒险的规则。自愿参与文娱体育活动，不能请求其他参加者承担侵权责任，除非其他参加者是故意或重大过失造成损害。如果受损害是由于非参加者的第三人导致的，可以要求违反安全保障义务的责任或教育机构的承担相应的补充责任。

增加自助行为规则，自助行为也是免责事由

《侵权责任法》对于自助行为没有规定。而民法典增加了自助行为的规则，即：《民法典》第1177条第1款规定：“合法权益受到侵害，情况紧迫且不能及时获得国家机关保护，不立即采取措施将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，受害人可以在保护自己合法权益的必要范围内采取扣留侵权人的财物等合理措施；但是，应当立即请求有关国家机关处理。”第2款规定：“受害人采取的措施不当造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。”实施自助行为是自己合法权益的必要范围内，且扣押财物、限制人身自由等措施要合理。

Article 26 of the Tort Liability Law and Article 1173 of the Civil Code. The Civil Code emphasizes the "same" damage, and the actions of the actor and the infringed refer to the same damage, that is, the actions of both have a causal relationship with the result of the damage . The Civil Code increases the scope of application of the rule of negligence, in addition to the occurrence of damage, it also applies to the expansion of damage, that is, when the infringed party is at fault in the expansion of damage, it also applies to negligence.

The Tort Liability Law does not stipulate the principle of self-contained risk. And the rules of self-willingness established by the Civil Code. Voluntary participation in cultural, entertainment and sports activities cannot request other participants to bear tort liability, unless other participants have caused damage intentionally or through gross negligence. If the damage is caused by a third party who is not a participant, the responsibility for breach of the security obligation or the educational institution may be required to bear the corresponding supplementary responsibility.

Increase self-help behavior rules, self-help behavior is also a reason for exemption

The Tort Liability Law does not provide for self-help behavior. The Civil Code adds a self-help behavior rule, that is: Article 1177, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code stipulates: “The lawful rights and interests are infringed, the situation is urgent and cannot be protected by the state organs in time. Failure to take immediate measures will make their lawful rights and interests be protected. In case of irreparable damage, the victim may take reasonable measures such as detaining the property of the infringer within the scope necessary to protect his own lawful rights and interests; however, he shall immediately request the relevant state agency to deal with it.” Paragraph 2 stipulates: “Measures taken by the victim Anyone who improperly causes damage to others shall bear tort liability.” The self-help behavior is within the necessary scope of one's own legitimate rights and interests, and measures such as seizure of property and restriction of personal freedom must be reasonable.