【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百四十六）┃民法典侵权责任编——自甘冒险、自助行为浅析

随着时代的进步，也出现了很多新类型的关系，这也就产生了新的侵权类型，因此，民法典侵权责任编中新增加了一些原《侵权责任法》没有的条款内容，陈律师就对其中新增的自甘冒险、自助行为的条文进行浅析。

With the progress of The Times, a lot of new types of relationships have appeared, which also gives rise to new types of torts. Therefore, some new provisions that were not in the original Tort liability Law have been added to the tort liability edition of the Civil Code. Lawyer Chen has analyzed the newly added provisions on self-risk and self-help behavior.

近年，各大卫视为了争抢收视率，开播了各种各样的运动竞技类的娱乐节目，比如这几年非常火爆的浙江卫视的《奔跑吧兄弟》、东方卫视的《极限挑战》等等数不胜数，当然也出现了艺人的不当操作造成其他参加者受伤的情况，还有在一些体育赛事中运动员受伤的情形，比如足球比赛，篮球比赛中，针对这些逐渐出现的问题，今年民法典侵权责任编中新增了该内容的条款，名为自甘风险。自甘风险也叫危险的自愿承担，原《侵权责任法》没有规定该内容，新的民法典侵权责任编是第一次确认自甘风险为免责事由。自甘风险就是指自愿参加具有一定风险的文体活动，因其他参加者的行为受到损害，不能请求该加害人承担侵权责任。当然为了避免过度引用该条款，在立法时，将适用范围严格限定在“具有一定风险的文体活动”内，同时也对重大过失行为人和活动组织者的责任作出相应规定。

In recent years, each competing for ratings, David as the premiere of all kinds of sports competition like entertainment, such as in recent years very popular zhejiang TV's "run brothers", the ultimate challenge of dragon TV and so on, of course, the artist's improper operation caused by other participants without injury, and in some sports injured athletes, such as football, basketball match, against these problems gradually, civil tort liability made up this year in terms of the content has been added, called the risk. Risk taking is also called the voluntary assumption of danger, which was not stipulated in the original Tort Liability Law. The new civil Code tort liability is the first time to confirm that risk taking is a cause of exemption. Self-risk refers to voluntary participation in recreational and sports activities with certain risks. Because other participants' behaviors are damaged, the injuner cannot be requested to bear the tort liability. Of course, in order to avoid excessive use of this article, the scope of application is strictly limited to "recreational and sports activities with certain risks", and the responsibility of the gross negligence actor and event organizer is also stipulated.

自助行为也是民法典侵权责任编中新增条款。自助行为必须要满足“权益合法”、“情况紧迫”、“缺少公力救济”、“手段适当”、“事后及时申请公力救济”等严格的构成要件方可产生阻却违法的效果。也就是说，自助行为人采取的措施应当在必要范围内，如果因为采取的措施不当，给他人造成损害的，仍然要等当相应的侵权责任。比如甲欠乙一笔货款，一直未支付，乙知道甲进口了一批热带水果，到达港口后，乙立刻将该批水果扣留，乙此时的行为属于自助行为，但是乙在扣留后并未将该批水果转送至冷库进行保存，而是暴晒在阳光下，造成该水果腐烂变质无法进行出售，由此给甲造成的损失，乙就应当承担相应的侵权责任。由此可以看出，自助行为之后伴随的还有其他相应的义务。

Self-help is also a new clause in the civil code tort liability. Self-help behavior must meet the strict constitutive requirements of "legitimate rights and interests", "urgent situation", "lack of public relief", "appropriate means", "after the timely application of public relief", etc. That is to say, the measures taken by self-help actors should be within the necessary scope. If the improper measures taken cause damage to others, the corresponding tort liability should still be taken. Owe b a payment for goods, for example, has not been paid, b know that an import a batch of tropical fruit, arrived at the port, b immediately detained this batch of fruit, b behavior belongs to the self-help behavior, at this time but b does not transmit the fruit after detention to cold storage to save, but the sun in the sun, causing the fruit rot to sell, thus to cause a loss, party b shall bear tort liability. It follows that there are other obligations associated with self-help.