【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百二十四）┃《民法典》中贴近生活新规解读

一、因突发事件监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，有关组织对被监护人负有临时生活照料义务

《民法典》总则编第34条第4款：因发生突发事件等紧急情况，监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，被监护人的生活处于无人照料状态的，被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门应当为被监护人安排必要的临时生活照料措施。与原《民法通则》第18条规定相比较，本条增加规定的新规则是，因突发事件监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，有关组织对被监护人负有临时生活照料义务。

1. Due to the temporary failure of the guardian to perform guardianship duties, the relevant organization has the duty to take care of the guardian temporarily.

Article 34, Section 4 of the General Provisions of the Civil Code: due to emergencies such as emergencies, the guardian is temporarily unable to perform guardianship duties, and the life of the guardian is unattended, the resident committee or village committee of the place where the guardian resides Or the civil affairs department shall arrange the necessary temporary life care measures for the guardian. Compared with the provisions of Article 18 of the original "General Rules of Civil Law", the new rule added in this article is that the guardianship of the guardianship due to emergencies is temporarily unable to perform the duties of guardianship, and the relevant organization has the duty to take care of the life of the guardian.

这是根据新冠肺炎防控工作的实际情况和总结的经验确定的新规则，其要点如下：

（1）有关组织临时照料义务的适用条件是：

第一，因发生突发事件等紧急情况，例如，发生新冠肺炎的大规模传染以及其他类似突发事件等紧急情况；

第二，无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的监护人对被监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，例如新冠肺炎防控期间对武汉采取的特殊措施，使分离的监护人对其未成年子女不能履行监护职责；

第三，由于监护人无法履行监护职责，因而使被监护人的生活处于无人照料状态，无法正常生活，陷入窘迫甚至危难。

（2）对被监护人负有临时生活照料义务的组织，是被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门。居民委员会和村民委员会是地方自治组织，是特别法人，对本区的居民、村民负有职责。民政部门是政府的主管部门，不仅是监护的监督机关，而且是负有监护义务的监护部门。当出现上述突发事件等紧急情况时，这些组织就负有对陷入困境甚至危难的被监护人承担安排必要的临时生活照料措施的义务。这是法定义务，必须履行。

（3）该义务的具体内容是为被监护人安排必要的临时生活照料措施。例如，为被监护人设置专人进行生活照料，或者将被监护人集中起来进行生活照料等，使临时脱离监护的被监护人能够正常生活，防止出现意外。

This is a new rule determined based on the actual situation of new coronary pneumonia prevention and control work and the summarized experience. The main points are as follows:

(1) The applicable conditions for the organization’s temporary care obligations are:

First, due to emergencies such as emergencies, such as large-scale infection of new coronary pneumonia and other emergencies like emergencies;

Second, the guardian of a person without civil capacity or a person with limited civil capacity is temporarily unable to perform guardianship duties against the guardian, such as special measures taken against Wuhan during the prevention and control of new coronary pneumonia, so that the separated guardian cannot perform guardianship of his minor children Duties

Third, because the guardian cannot perform the duties of guardianship, the life of the guardian is left unattended, unable to live normally, and embarrassed or even in danger.

(2) The organization with the duty to take care of the life of the guardian is the resident committee, village committee or civil affairs department where the guardian resides. The residents’ committee and the villagers’ committee are local self-governing organizations, special legal persons, and have responsibilities to the residents and villagers in the district. The civil affairs department is the competent department of the government, not only the supervisory authority of guardianship, but also the guardianship department with the duty of guardianship. When an emergency such as the above-mentioned emergencies occurs, these organizations are obliged to arrange necessary temporary life care measures for the guardian who is in trouble or even in crisis. This is a legal obligation and must be fulfilled.

(3) The specific content of this obligation is to arrange the necessary temporary life care measures for the guardian. For example, set up a special person for the guardian to take care of life, or gather the guardian for life care, etc., so that the guardian who temporarily leaves the guardian can live a normal life and prevent accidents.

二、实名制客票丢失可以补办，不得再次收取票款和其他不合理费用

《民法典》合同编第815条第2款规定：实名制客运合同的旅客丢失客票的，可以请求承运人挂失补办，承运人不得再次收取票款和其他不合理费用。当前多数客运合同都实行实名制，对此，原《合同法》没有规定。近年来，实行实名制客运合同的单位，基于原来的规定，对旅客丢失客票的，要求补办客票，并重新收取票款。在客票系统没有联网的情况下是可以的，但是客票系统一旦联网，就不存在这样的问题，本条第2款作出新规定，实名制客运合同的旅客丢失客票的，可以要求承运人挂失、补办，承运人不得再次收取票款和其他不合理费用。这样的规定合情合理，有利于保护旅客的合法权益。

2. The real-name ticket can be reissued if it is lost, and the ticket and other unreasonable fees shall not be collected again

Article 815, paragraph 2 of the "Civil Code" contract series stipulates: If a passenger with a real-name passenger transport contract loses his ticket, he may request the carrier to report the loss and make a replacement. At present, most passenger transport contracts implement the real-name system, for which the original "Contract Law" does not provide. In recent years, units that have implemented real-name passenger transportation contracts, based on the original regulations, require passengers to reissue tickets and re-collect the tickets if they lose their tickets. It is possible if the ticket system is not connected to the network, but once the ticket system is connected, there is no such problem. New provisions are made in paragraph 2 of this article. If a passenger with a real-name passenger contract loses his ticket, he can request the carrier to report the loss or make up again. The carrier shall not collect ticket fees and other unreasonable fees again. Such regulations are reasonable and conducive to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of passengers.