【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（九十六）┃担保的法律问题

生活中，每当急需用钱时，向周围的人借钱，我们可以一解燃眉之急。有的人、单位借钱给他人时，为了防止他人没有能力偿还欠款，则会要求借钱的人、单位寻找担保人，但是做担保人只需要签名吗？

In life, when we need money badly, we can borrow money from people aroundus. Some people, the unit lends money to others, in order to prevent othersfrom not being able to repay the debt, will ask the person who borrows money,the unit looks for the guarantor, but does the guarantor only need to sign?

一、担保的方式

1、保证：是以第三人的信用做担保的。

保证的责任承担方式分为一般责任和连带责任。责任承担方式由当事人在订立保证合同的时候自由约定，如果没有约定或者约定不明的时候，视为连带保证。

2、抵押：是指债务人或者第三人不转移某些财产的占有，将该财产作为债权的担保。

3、质押：债务人或第三人将其动产移交债权人占有，将该动产作为债权的担保，当债务人不履行债务时，债权人有权依法就该动产卖得价金优先受偿。

4、留置：债权人按照合同约定占有债务人的动产，债务人不按照合同约定的期限履行债务的，债权人有权依照担保法规定留置该财产，以留置财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该财产的价款优先受偿的权利。

这里大家注意一下，只有保管合同，运输合同，加工承揽合同才存在留置的情况，其他情形并不适用。

5、定金：在合同订立或在履行之前支付的一定数额的金钱或替代物作为担保的担保方式。给付定金的一方称为定金给付方，接受定金的一方称为定金接受方。定金也是一种担保方式，但是定金合同具有实践性，即以实际交付视为定金合同的成立。如果没有交付定金，主合同仍然成立，但是在当事人一方不履行合同债务或者不订立主合同时，不能适用定金罚则。

1. Guarantee: it is guaranteed by the credit of a third party.

The mode of suretyship liability is divided into general liability andjoint liability. The mode of liability assumption shall be freely agreed uponby the parties when they enter into a suretyship contract.

2, mortgage: refers to the debtor or a third party does not transfer thepossession of some property, the property as the security of the creditor'srights.

3. Pledge: when the debtor or a third party transfers the chattel to thecreditor for possession, the chattel shall be taken as the security of thecreditor's right. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the creditor shallhave the right to have priority in getting compensation according to law forthe price of the chattel sold.

4. Lien: the creditor shall have possession of the debtor's movables asagreed in the contract. If the debtor fails to perform the debt within the timelimit as agreed in the contract, the creditor shall have the right to have alien on the property in accordance with the security law, and shall have theright to convert the retained property into money or have priority in gettingcompensation out of the proceeds from the auction or sale of the property.

Notice, only custody contracts, contracts of transport, processingcontracts only exist in the case of liens, other circumstances do not apply.

5. Earnest money: a certain amount of money or substitute paid before acontract is concluded or performed as a form of security. The party that paysthe deposit is called the party that pays the deposit, and the party thataccepts the deposit is called the party that receives the deposit. Deposit alsois a kind of guaranty means, but deposit contract has practice sex, theestablishment that regards deposit contract with actual delivery namely. If nodeposit is paid, the principal contract is still valid, but the principle ofdeposit penalty cannot be applied when one party fails to perform itsobligations under the contract or to conclude the principal contract.

二、一般担保和连带担保的区别

很多人都区分不清楚一般担保和连带担保的区别，为何别人的担保合同和自己的差不多，然而别人只需承担一般担保的责任，自己则需要承担连带责任。首先，先了解下两者有什么区别：

1、一般担保的担保人享有先诉抗辩权，而连带担保人没有

先诉抗辩权指在债务人的合同纠纷未经法院判决以及对债务人的财产做出强制执行前，担保人有权拒绝履行担保义务。因此，这就需要债权人先处理完债务人的财产后，才能要求担保人承担责任。

2、一般担保人的责任比连带担保的责任要轻

一般担保人仅对债务人未能偿还的部分承担担保责任，而连带担保人不管债务人有没有财产，只要债务人不还款，债权人就可以要求担保人就全部债务进行清偿。

其次，担保责任约定的推定方式很重要：①若双方对担保的方式没有约定或者约定不明的，推定为连带责任担保；②若合同约定“债务人不能履行债务时，有保证人承担担保责任”的，才推定为一般担保。因此，你要承担什么责任的，一定要在合同中约定好，不然可要后悔了。

A lot of people differentiate not clear general assure and the distinctionof joint and several assure, why the guarantee contract of others and oneselfare about the same, however others need to assume the responsibility of generalassure only, oneself need to assume joint and several liability. First,understand the difference between the two:

1. The guarantor of general guarantee has the right of defense, while thejoint and several guarantor does not

The right of defense first means that the guarantor has the right to refuseto perform the security obligation before the debtor's contract dispute isdecided by the court and the property of the debtor is enforced. Therefore, itis necessary for the creditor to dispose of the debtor's property before theguarantor can be held liable.

2. General guarantors are less liable than joint and several guarantors

Generally, the guarantor only bears the guarantee liability for the partthat the debtor fails to repay, while the joint and several guarantor does notcare whether the debtor has property or not, as long as the debtor does notrepay, the creditor can ask the guarantor to pay off all the debts.

Secondly, the constructive method of the guarantee liability agreement isvery important: if the two parties have not agreed on the way of guarantee orthe agreement is unclear, the presumption is joint liability guarantee; If itis agreed in the contract that "if the debtor is unable to perform thedebt, the guarantor shall assume the guarantee liability", it is assumedto be a general guarantee. Accordingly, you should assume what responsibility,must agree in the contract good, can want to regret otherwise.

3、保证时效中止中断的规定

一般保证的债权人在保证期间届满前对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，从判决或者仲裁裁决生效之日起，开始计算保证合同的诉讼时效。

连带责任保证的债权人在保证期间届满前要求保证人承担保证责任的，从债权人要求保证人承担保证责任之日起，开始计算保证合同的诉讼时效。

担保并未仅仅是签字，很多担保在借款人走投无路逃避债务后，才被动得知自身的还款义务，独自面对巨额债务，悔不当初，因此大家一定要了解担保的法律知识，保护自身的合法权益。

3. Provisions on the suspension and interruption of guarantee time limit

Where the creditor of a general suretyship brings a suit against the debtoror applies for arbitration before the expiration of the suretyship period, thelimitation of action for the suretyship contract shall be calculated from thedate when the judgment or the arbitration award takes effect.

Where the creditor of a suretyship of joint and several liability requiresthe suretyship to bear the suretyship liability before the expiration of thesuretyship period, the limitation of action of the suretyship contract shall becalculated from the date on which the creditor requires the surety to bear thesuretyship liability.

Guarantee is not just sign, a lot of guarantee in the borrower desperate toescape the debt, just passively know their repayment obligations, alone in theface of a huge amount of debt, regret not at the outset, so we must understandthe legal knowledge of the guarantee, to protect their legitimate rights andinterests.