【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（八十五）┃关联企业破产审查实务之关联企业法人人格混同

近年来，市场化破产日渐成为常态。其中，越来越多的破产案件会涉及集团企业内部、母子公司之间、控制公司及其他实际控制关联企业之间的合并破产或集中破产。

最高人民法院2018年3月4日发布《全国法院破产审判工作会议纪要》，将“关联企业破产”列为其中一项主要内容，重点梳理和确定法院审理关联企业破产案件的8项要求。根据国内现有合并破产案例的裁判观点，并结合在破产实务操作过程中的相关理解，笔者认为，债权人、管理人在论证或提报申请是否适用实质合并进行破产时，可以从法律调查和财务审计两大角度出发，重点关注如下参考要素。

In recent years, market-oriented bankruptcy has increasingly become the norm. Among them, more and more bankruptcy cases will involve the merger bankruptcy or centralized bankruptcy within the group enterprise, between the parent company and the subsidiary company, between the controlling company and other related enterprises with actual control.

On March 4, 2018, the Supreme People's Court (SPC) issued the minutes of the proceedings of the bankruptcy trial of national courts, listing "Bankruptcy of affiliated enterprises" as one of the main contents, focusing on sorting out and determining the court's eight requirements for hearing the bankruptcy cases of affiliated enterprises. According to the domestic existing merge bankruptcy referee, and combined with the bankruptcy related understanding in the process of practice, the author thinks that, creditors, managers or submits application is used in the argument the essence to bankruptcy, merger can be from the perspective of legal investigation and financial audit, focus on the following reference elements.

一、就法律调查的角度而言，管理人可以从关联企业实际控制人相同、组织机构混同（人事任命与决策机构）、财务混同、资产混同、负债（互保）混同、业务（经营事务）混同、关联交易是否遵循市场原则、关联企业的公众认可与信赖程度等方面，来评估关联企业之间是否构成法人人格高度混同，考察关联企业之间的资产和负债是否无法区分或者区分成本过高、单独破产是否严重损害债权人公平清偿利益，撰写关于关联企业法人人格混同及是否适用实质合并破产的相关报告，并提供相关证据。

1.In terms of the Angle of legal investigation, the manager can control people from affiliated enterprise actual the same confusion, organization (appointments and decision-making body, financial confusion, confusion of assets and liabilities (mutual insurance) business (business affairs), confusion, confusion, related party transactions is to follow the market principle of affiliated enterprise, the degree of public acceptance and trust, etc, to assess whether a legal person personality highly confusion between affiliated enterprise, review the assets and liabilities between affiliated enterprise is unable to distinguish or differentiate whether the cost is too high, individual bankruptcy seriously damage the interests of creditors fair pay, Write a report on the confusion of corporate personality of related enterprises and whether it is applicable to the substantive merger bankruptcy, and provide relevant evidence.

二、就财务审计角度而言，管理人也可以要求具有专业知识的会计师事务所、评估机构等中介机构，就关联企业之间是否存在财务混同事项，以及混同程度、持续时间等，提出专业性意见或说明，从关联企业是否采用合并财务报表、是否混同使用账户及持续时间、是否无偿使用财产和拆借资金及持续时间、关联企业之间的借贷资金流动是否存在统一掌控、调配、使用的情形或难以区分、关联企业之间的资金往来是否频繁、与实质业务交易是否存在无法对应、关联企业之间的债权债务和保证担保是否难以区分、各自资产和负债是否难以区分等方面，来评估关联企业财务混同是否构成实质合并破产的要件。

通过上述法律与审计方面的梳理，关联企业之间若存在法人人格高度混同，或者其他符合适用实质合并破产规则的情形，法院可依法作出对关联企业破产案件实质合并审理的相关裁定。

2. From the perspective of financial audit, the manager may also request professional accounting firms, evaluation agencies and other intermediaries with professional knowledge to give professional opinions or explanations on whether there is financial confusion among related enterprises, as well as the degree and duration of such confusion. From affiliated enterprise whether to adopt consolidated financial statements, confuse whether use account and duration, free use of property and borrow funds and duration, lending flows between affiliated enterprise whether there is a unified control, distribution, use or difficult to distinguish, whether money transactions between associated enterprises frequently, and the essence of the business transaction whether there is not corresponding, debts and assured guarantee between affiliated enterprise is difficult to distinguish, whether it is difficult to distinguish between their assets and liabilities, etc, to assess whether the affiliated enterprise financial confusion constitutes essence combined the requirement of bankruptcy.

Through sorting out the above laws and auditing, if there is a high degree of legal person personality confusion among the affiliated enterprises, or other situations that conform to the application of the bankruptcy rules of substantive merger, the court may make a relevant ruling on the substantive merger trial of the bankruptcy cases of the affiliated enterprises according to law.