【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（八十二）┃机动车所有人或管理人的过错认定

机动车交通事故责任纠纷案件涉及到人民群众的基本人身财产权益，事故发生后，责任主体的确定是道路交通事故损害赔偿案件的重中之重、它不涉及到由谁承担侵权责任、受害人的损害由谁赔偿、能否得到赔偿的问题，还关系到《侵权责任法》有效制裁侵权行为、预防交通事故发生这一功能能否实现的问题。

Motor vehicle traffic accident liability disputes involving the basic physical property rights and interests of the people, after the accident, the determination of the main responsibility is the key of the road traffic accident damage compensation cases, it has nothing to do with who will bear the tort liability, the victim's damage compensation, can be compensated by who, also is related to the tort liability act effective sanctions against infringement, the function realization of preventing the traffic accident.

《侵权责任法》第四十九条规定：因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。即原则上由机动车的运行支配和运行利益的享有者承担责任，由所有人或管理人承担过错责任。但是侵权责任法对于机动车所有人的过程并未具体规定。

According to article 49 of tort liability law, when the owner and user of a motor vehicle are not the same person in the case of leasing or borrowing, if the motor vehicle is liable after a traffic accident, the insurance company shall make compensation within the limit of compulsory insurance liability of the motor vehicle. In case of deficiency, the user of the motor vehicle shall be liable for compensation; Where the owner of a motor vehicle is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, he shall be liable for compensation accordingly. That is to say, in principle, those who control the operation of the motor vehicle and enjoy the operation benefits shall bear the responsibility, and the owner or manager shall bear the fault liability. But tort liability law does not specify the process for the owner of a motor vehicle.

《最高人民法院关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第一条对此进行了规定，并且将车辆管理人与车辆所有人作为并列地位，在有过错的情形下承担过错责任，具体而言： 机动车发生交通事故造成损害，机动车所有人或者管理人有下列情形之一，人民法院应当认定其对损害的发生有过错，并适用侵权责任法第四十九条的规定确定其相应的赔偿责任:

The Supreme People's Court on the application of law of road traffic accident damage compensation cases to explain some issues of the first, the regulation, all of them to the vehicle and the vehicle administrator as equal status, the fault liability in the presence of a fault, specifically: motor vehicle traffic accident damage, the motor vehicle owner or manager has the following circumstances, the people's court shall ascertain the fault for causing the damage, and shall comply with article 49 of the tort liability law determine the corresponding liability for compensation:

（一） 知道或者应当知道机动车存在缺陷，且该缺陷是交通事故发生原因之一的；

（二） 知道或者应当知道驾驶人无驾驶资格或者未取得相应驾驶资格的；

（三） 知道或者应当知道驾驶人因饮酒、服用国家管制的精神药品或者麻醉药品，或者患有妨碍安全驾驶机动车的疾病等依法不能驾驶机动车的；

（四） 其他应当认定机动车所有人或者管理人有过错的。

因此，在出租出借等致使机动车所有人或管理人与使用人不一致时，所有人或管理人一定要尽到合理的注意义务。

1.Knowing or should have known that a motor vehicle is defective and that the defect is one of the causes of a traffic accident;

2.Knowing or should have known that the driver has no driving qualifications or has not obtained corresponding driving qualifications;

3.Knowing or should have known that a driver is unable to drive a motor vehicle according to law due to drinking alcohol or taking psychotropic drugs or narcotic drugs under state control, or suffering from diseases that hinder safe driving of a motor vehicle;

4.Other cases where the fault of the motor vehicle owner or manager shall be determined.

Therefore, when the owner or manager of a motor vehicle is inconsistent with the user due to the rental and loan, the owner or manager must fulfill a reasonable duty of care.