【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（六十三）|言论自由的边界

曾经有这么一位艺人，才华横溢，获奖无数，他的音乐和舞蹈影响甚至改变了一个时代的流行音乐，是年度格莱美获得奖项最多的个人，2005年荣获“最成功的艺术家”吉尼斯世界纪录称号,去世之后被授予格莱美终身成就奖。才华之外，更有爱心:他一人支持了39个慈善救助基金会，是全世界以个人名义捐助慈善事业最多的人，光是2006年就以个人的名义就捐了3亿美金。没错，他就是流行音乐之王迈克尔杰克逊。

这样一位集才华与爱心的天才音乐人在其事业辉煌期却遭到了致命性的流言打击。公开资料显示: 1993年9月，一名12岁的男童公开控告杰克逊对其实施性侵犯，对此杰克逊始终否认，双方在第二年1月达成了庭外和解，但此时外界的舆论已经让杰克逊的形象严重受损，事业也陷入低谷 。

There was once such an artist, talented,numerous awards, his music and dance influenced and even changed an era ofpopular music, is the annual grammy awards won the most awards, in 2005 won the"most successful artist" guinness world records, was posthumouslyawarded the grammy lifetime achievement award. More caring than talented: healone supports 39 charitable foundations and is the world's largest individualdonor to charity, giving $300 million in 2006 alone. Yes, he was the king ofpop, Michael Jackson.

Such a talented and loving musician wasfatally rumored during the heyday of his career. Public records show that inSeptember 1993, a 12-year-old boy publicly accused Jackson of sexuallyassaulting him, which Jackson always denied. The two sides reached anout-of-court settlement the following January, but the publicity had alreadydamaged Jackson's image and his career.

2003年，又有一位男童状告杰克逊对他实行“猥亵”。2004年4月22日，杰克逊被控以阴谋罪、猥亵儿童罪等10项重要罪名。经过长达一年多的调查取证，2005年6月，针对迈克尔·杰克逊的全部指控都被裁定为“无罪”

2009年6月26日，恋童案真相大白，当年事件的主人公Jordy Chandler他承认指控纯属捏造，他是为了父亲才撒谎的，而他的父亲则是为了摆脱贫困的生活而制造了这个骗局，而后 Jordy Chandler 的父亲吞枪自杀。

证明了清白身，斯人却已逝!

这样的悲剧不是个例，还有很多，很多。1935年3月8日，民国著名影星阮玲玉写了两封遗书后服用安眠药自杀身亡，上海滩30万社会各界人士为其送行，鲁迅先生还就此写了一篇《论人言可畏》，因为坊间广为流传的遗书版本就是四个字：人言可畏，流言蜚语的杀伤力、危害程度可见一斑！

In 2003, another boy sued Jackson formolesting him. On April 22, 2004, Jackson was charged with 10 counts ofconspiracy and child molestation. After more than a year of evidence, Jacksonwas found not guilty of all charges against him in June 2005

On June 26, 2009, the child molestationcase came to light. Jordy Chandler, the protagonist of the child molestationcase, admitted that the allegations were fabricated and that he had lied forhis father's sake.

Proved innocent, but gone!

There are many, many more. On March 8,1935, the famous movie star ruan lingyu sleeping pill suicide wrote two lettersafter a suicide note, Shanghai 300000 social people from all walks of life tosee its off, lu xun also write an article "on hang him", because ofwidespread anecdotal note version is four words: hang him, gossip damage, thedegree of hazards can be seen.

流言、谣言、对他人无端的指责、指控、等等，无论动机如何，发起者、散播者都会经常性地提到一个法律术语：言论自由，并以此为挡箭牌为自己推脱责任。但法律是公正的，言论自由是有边界的，且不提流言、谣言，即便是不当言论，也是不能乱说的，后果也是很严重的。

最近最令人揪心的事莫过于新冠疫情，然而在疫情期间的个别人的一些言论也是引起了轩然大波：在网络上攻击湖北籍人士的、借机攻击党和政府的、自私自利反而嘲笑一线抗疫医护人员的，等等，都以为自己有言论自由的权利，都以为说任何话都是不用负责任的，这帮人其实根本不懂言论自由的内涵，浅显地或者故意地无限扩大言论自由的外延，不是法盲就是别有用心的小人、阴谋家！案例不一一列举，是因为他们的名字不配和迈克尔杰克逊、阮玲玉出现在同一篇文章里。

Gossip, rumors, the accusation, charges,and so on to others, regardless of the motivation, the initiator, the spreadwill often mention a legal term: freedom of speech, and as a shield to evade aresponsibility. But the law is just, the freedom of speech has a boundary, anddo not mention rumors, rumors, even if the improper speech, also can not saynonsense, the consequences are also very serious.

Recently the most worrying thing is newoutbreaks, but what has been said during the outbreak of individuals is alsocreated quite a stir: attack Hu Bei people on the Internet, the opportunity toattack the party and the government, selfish scoff at a line of resistance todisease of medical staff, and so on, all think they have the right to freedomof speech, said that anything is not responsible, they actually didn'tunderstand the connotation of free speech, superficial or knowingly infinitelyexpand the extension of free speech, not ignorance of the SIMS is ulteriormotives, trip! The cases are not listed one by one because their names do notdeserve to appear in the same article as Michael Jackson and Ruan Lingyu.

什么是言论自由？言论自由的界限又在哪里？超范围超边界的言论又需要承担什么责任？

What is freedom of speech? Where is thelimit of freedom of speech? What is the responsibility for speech that goesbeyond its scope and beyond its boundaries?

我国《宪法》第35条虽然规定：“中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。”赋予了公民言论自由的权利。但《宪法》第51条、52条还明文规定：“中华人民共和国公民在行使自由和权利的时候，不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利”。“中华人民共和国公民有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。”

Article 35 of the constitution stipulates that "citizens ofthe People's Republic of China have freedom of speech, of the press, ofassembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration." Citizenswere given the right to freedom of speech. However, articles 51 and 52 of theconstitution also expressly stipulate that "citizens of the People'sRepublic of China, in exercising their freedoms and rights, shall not infringeupon the interests of the state, society or the collective, or upon the lawfulfreedoms and rights of other citizens." "Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China have the duty to safeguard national unity and the unity ofall ethnic groups throughout the country."

由此可见，言论自由是虽然是宪法赋予每一位公民的基本政治权利,是民主法治社会的基石。但是,言论自由不等于自由言论，其存在着外在的制约，是指法律范围内的相对自由。在如今互联网信息网络传播发达的时代，网络造谣成为一种普遍现象，它是指利用信息网络媒介所传播的对公众感兴趣的事物、事件或问题未经证实表述或诠释，引起严重的社会危害性。根据网络造谣案件的不同造谣客体及其轻重程度，我国法律一般给予三种不同的处罚：

1、行政处罚：如果散布谣言，谎报险情、疫情、警情或者以其他方法故意扰乱公共秩序的，或者公然侮辱他人或者捏造事实诽谤他人的，尚不构成犯罪的，依据《治安管理处罚法》等规定给予拘留、罚款等行政处罚；

2、民事上：如果散布谣言侵犯公民个人的名誉权或者侵犯了法人的商誉权，依据民法相关规定，要承担停止侵害、恢复名誉、消除影响、赔礼道歉及赔偿损失的责任；

3、刑事上：如果散布谣言，构成犯罪的，依据《刑法》的规定追究刑事责任。从个人层面来看：一般以侮辱、诽谤罪；诬告陷害罪予以定罪处罚。从国家层面看：可能上升到编造、故意传播虚假恐怖信息罪，造成严重后果的最高可能判处五年以上有期徒刑。

Thus it can be seen that freedom of speech is the basicpolitical right granted to every citizen by the constitution and thecornerstone of a democratic society under the rule of law. However, the freedomof speech is not equal to the freedom of speech, there are externalconstraints, refers to the relative freedom within the scope of the law. Intoday's era of Internet information network communication developed, networkrumor has become a common phenomenon, which refers to the use of informationnetwork media by the dissemination of things, events or issues of interest tothe public has not been confirmed or interpreted, causing serious social harm.According to the different objects of online rumor spreading and theirseverity, Chinese laws generally give three kinds of punishment:

1. Administrative punishment: if anyone spreads rumors, falselyreports dangerous situation, epidemic situation, alarm or intentionallydisturbs public order by other means, or publicly insults others or fabricatesfacts to defame others, if the case does not constitute a crime, he shall begiven administrative punishment such as detention or fine in accordance withthe law on penalties for public security administration;

2. In civil matters: if the spreading of rumors infringes uponthe right of reputation of an individual citizen or the right of goodwill of alegal person, it shall bear the responsibilities of stopping the infringement,restoring the reputation, eliminating the influence, making an apology andcompensating for the losses according to the relevant provisions of civil law.

3.Criminal: if the spread of rumors, constitute a crime,according to the provisions of the "criminal law" criminalresponsibility. From the personal level: generally to insult, libel crime; Thecrime of false accusation and frame-up shall be convicted and punished. At thenational level, it could be increased to the crime of fabricating orintentionally spreading false terrorist information, with serious consequences,with a maximum sentence of more than five years in prison.

新媒体创造了快捷的“发声”条件，使人人都有了“麦克风”，人人都有机会成为言论的“主角”、舆论的“中央”，虽拓宽了信息交互渠道，但也给了别有用心的人以可乘之机。当前，我们要全面把握微时代“大众化”“碎片化”“隐蔽化”的特点，正确认识言论自由与自由言论的本质区别，既要主动发声，时时传递正能量，也要积极校音，对一些别有用心的人的歪理造谣进行有理有据的回击，在讲原则、重责任、树导向中守好舆论传播“主阵地”，坚决摒弃在发表言论时心存侥幸打法律的“擦边球”的想法，否则最终使自己身陷牢笼，才悔之晚矣！

New media has created a fast "voice" condition, sothat everyone has a "microphone", everyone has the opportunity tobecome the "protagonist" of the speech, the "center" ofpublic opinion, although it has broadened the channel of informationinteraction, but also gives people with ulterior motives to take advantage ofit. At present, we should fully grasp the micro era "fragmentation"of "popularization" "to conceal the characteristics of thecorrect understanding of the essential difference between freedom of speech andfreedom of speech, as well as active voice, always positive energy, should alsobe positive sound check, for some people with ulterior motives fought justifiedabsurd rumor, in principle, heavy responsibility, tree guide keep good publicopinion spread" position ", firmly rejected chances in speech law theidea of a "chip", otherwise finally make myself in a cage, that istoo late to regret!